Some U.S. state laws block abortions after fetal cardiac activity is detected, and fetal cardiac activity is typically detectable around six weeks into pregnancy.
November 16, 2025
high
temporal
Description of a commonly used legal trigger for restricting abortion access and the typical timing of fetal cardiac activity detection.
Contraceptives that can act by preventing implantation of a fertilized egg, including some intrauterine devices (IUDs), and procedures involved in in‑vitro fertilization (IVF) could be restricted by laws that prohibit methods preventing implantation.
November 16, 2025
high
temporal
Legal definitions that bar methods preventing implantation can have implications for contraception and assisted reproductive technologies.
Alpha-gal syndrome is a tick-borne condition in which a sugar molecule called alpha-gal, present in mammals but not produced by humans and transmissible in the saliva of some ticks, can trigger delayed allergic reactions about 2–6 hours after a person consumes mammalian meat, producing hive-like rashes or anaphylaxis.
November 15, 2025
high
temporal
Definition, pathophysiology, and typical timing of allergic reaction
There is no vaccine to prevent alpha-gal syndrome; clinical management includes avoiding mammalian meats such as beef, pork, lamb, venison, and rabbit, and prevention focuses on reducing tick bites using repellents (e.g., DEET), protective clothing, and avoiding tick habitats.
November 15, 2025
high
temporal
Prevention and management recommendations for alpha-gal syndrome
Alice Wong was born with muscular dystrophy and used a powered wheelchair and an assistive breathing device.
November 15, 2025
high
biographical
Describes Wong's lifelong medical condition and the mobility/respiratory assistive technologies she used.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol and other substances can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), a condition associated with brain damage and long-term deficits in behavior and cognitive function.
November 11, 2025
high
medical
General medical information about prenatal substance exposure and FASD.
In 2025, the World Health Organization reported at least 40,000 people had been killed in the conflict in Sudan.
November 08, 2025
high
temporal
Casualty estimate published by an international health agency for the ongoing Sudan conflict.
In 2025, Médecins Sans Frontières reported extremely high levels of malnutrition among displaced children and adults in Tawila, Sudan.
November 08, 2025
high
temporal
Field assessment by a medical humanitarian organization regarding nutritional status of displaced populations.
The World Health Organization reported in 2025 that fighting in Sudan had killed at least 40,000 people.
November 06, 2025
high
statistical
Casualty estimate attributed to an international health agency during the multi-year conflict.
A 2025 JAMA Network Open study analyzing two years of paid search results found that 11% of the search keywords or phrases paid for by Novo Nordisk contained the word "weight", even though the drug Ozempic is approved for type 2 diabetes and not for weight loss.
November 04, 2025
high
statistical
Analysis of paid search (sponsored) results purchased by a pharmaceutical manufacturer.
Drug advertising rules generally require prescription drug companies to disclose risks and side effects in traditional mass-media advertising (such as magazines and television) and prohibit promotion of a drug for conditions that are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with violations subject to FDA enforcement.
November 04, 2025
high
regulatory
Established regulatory requirements for prescription drug promotion in traditional media in the United States.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises that clinicians should consider minimizing the use of acetaminophen during pregnancy because evidence is inconclusive about whether prenatal acetaminophen exposure is linked to autism.
November 03, 2025
high
regulatory
Guidance offered amid scientific uncertainty about potential associations between prenatal acetaminophen use and autism.
Scientific evidence about a link between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and autism is inconclusive and does not establish a causal relationship.
November 03, 2025
high
health
Summary of the prevailing state of evidence regarding prenatal acetaminophen use and autism risk.
Forensic identification of human remains is significantly impeded when DNA testing kits are not available.
November 02, 2025
high
observational
Lack of DNA testing capacity hinders the ability of health and forensic authorities to identify bodies recovered in conflict zones.
Acetaminophen is the active ingredient in the over-the-counter medicine Tylenol.
October 28, 2025
high
temporal
Identifies the chemical active ingredient in a common OTC product.
Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used pain relievers and fever reducers in the United States, used by upward of 100 million Americans annually.
October 28, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the prevalence of acetaminophen use in the U.S.
A 2025 observational analysis by MD Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Florida of nearly 1,000 advanced cancer patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor therapy found that patients who received a Pfizer or Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccine within 100 days of starting treatment had substantially longer survival; specifically, vaccinated lung cancer patients were nearly twice as likely to be alive three years after beginning cancer treatment compared with unvaccinated patients.
October 22, 2025
high
study_finding
Retrospective observational analysis of patient records comparing outcomes for those who did and did not receive mRNA COVID-19 vaccines around start of checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule naturally present in cells that contains genetic instructions for cells to produce proteins.
October 22, 2025
high
definition
Basic molecular biology definition of mRNA.
White House senior officials and presidential physicians may consider administering a cognitive examination as a method to assess a president's cognitive fitness.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Potential method used by senior officials and medical staff to evaluate a president's cognitive abilities.
In 2025, the Gaza Health Ministry, which is part of the Hamas-run government, reported that more than 67,000 Palestinians had been killed during the conflict and stated that around half of the dead were women and children.
October 13, 2025
high
statistical
Casualty figures and demographic composition reported by the Gaza Health Ministry.
Most-favored-nation pricing is a pricing approach that limits a seller to charge no more than the lowest price it offers in other high-income countries.
October 11, 2025
high
definition
Describes the pricing concept commonly proposed in international drug-pricing policies.
U.S. Medicaid has a statutory "best price" protection that requires Medicaid to receive the lowest price charged to any U.S. commercial payer.
October 11, 2025
high
policy
Medicaid reimbursement rules include a statutory mechanism intended to secure the lowest U.S. commercial price for Medicaid programs.
Pharmaceutical companies commonly argue that government price controls on drugs could reduce incentives or resources for pharmaceutical research and development.
October 11, 2025
high
claim
This is a frequently cited industry position in debates over drug-price regulation.
Medicaid beneficiaries typically do not pay out-of-pocket for their prescription medications.
October 11, 2025
high
observation
Medicaid program design generally minimizes direct medication costs for enrolled patients.
Shaken baby syndrome is a diagnosis for a serious brain injury in young children caused by violent shaking or other traumatic impacts to the head, such as being slammed against a wall or thrown onto a hard surface.
October 09, 2025
high
descriptive
General medical definition of the diagnosis
Conversion therapy refers to counseling or treatments that seek to change an individual's sexual orientation or gender identity.
October 07, 2025
high
definition
General definition of the practice commonly labeled 'conversion therapy'.
A 2025 randomized controlled trial led by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Mbarara University in Uganda tested permethrin-treated baby wraps among infants aged 6–18 months in rural western Uganda and found that over six months 34 infants in the permethrin-wrap group tested positive for malaria versus 94 in the water-soaked-wrap control group, a reduction of about 65%.
October 07, 2025
high
temporal
Both study arms received insecticide-treated bed nets; wraps in the treatment arm were re-soaked with permethrin every four weeks during the trial.
Permethrin can cause growth and neurological problems if ingested at high levels, while permethrin-treated fabric produces much lower transmission through the skin compared with ingestion.
October 07, 2025
high
contextual
Toxicity concerns are relevant when considering fabrics treated with permethrin for infant use.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a medical condition commonly abbreviated as GERD and associated with reflux of stomach acid that can cause stomach-related symptoms.
October 07, 2025
high
temporal
General medical definition and common abbreviation.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been reported to spread in air, water, and soil in the United States and research has found that TCE, when inhaled or ingested, can cross the blood–brain barrier and damage neurons.
October 06, 2025
high
temporal
Describes environmental distribution and neurotoxic potential of TCE as reported by environmental and biomedical research.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure has been linked to damage to the liver, kidneys, central nervous system, immune system, reproductive organs, and to fetal heart defects.
October 06, 2025
high
temporal
Summarizes multiple organ-system health outcomes associated with TCE exposure reported by health agencies and studies.
A 2025 Monash University study of more than 10,800 adults aged 70 and older found that participants who always listened to music had a 39% lower risk of developing dementia.
October 01, 2025
high
temporal
Longitudinal analysis of older adults' music engagement and subsequent cognitive outcomes.
A 2025 Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults found that 32% reported having a will, 31% reported having a living will or advance health care directive, and 20% reported having made arrangements for their own burial or funeral.
September 08, 2025
high
temporal
Findings from a national survey about estate planning and end-of-life preparations.
Some DSA organizers advocate using municipal government resources to provide free gender-affirming care and propose extending such services beyond city residents.
September 01, 2025
medium
temporal
Describes a policy position advocated by DSA organizers regarding city-provided gender-affirming healthcare.
A 2025 University of Pennsylvania study found that higher exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the year before death was associated with 19% higher odds of having more severe Alzheimer's-type brain changes.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Association derived from postmortem brain examinations linking recent PM2.5 exposure to Alzheimer's-type pathology.
A 2025 University of Pennsylvania study estimated that approximately 63% of the association between PM2.5 exposure and dementia severity was explained (mediated) by Alzheimer's-related brain pathology.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Quantifies the portion of the air pollution–dementia severity link attributable to Alzheimer's-type brain changes.
A 2025 University of Pennsylvania study examined postmortem brains from 602 people in the Penn Medicine Brain Bank and estimated individual PM2.5 exposure during the year before death using residential address.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the study's sample size and the method used to estimate recent air pollution exposure.
A 2025 University of Pennsylvania study reported that among 287 individuals who had dementia assessments before death, higher PM2.5 exposure was associated with greater cognitive and functional decline, including memory loss, impaired judgment, and difficulty with personal care and speech.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Subgroup analysis linking higher recent PM2.5 exposure to worsened cognitive and daily-function outcomes in individuals with pre-death dementia assessments.
A 2025 Pew Research Center survey found that 960,000 of the United States' Indian population of 4.9 million (approximately 20%) lived in California.
January 01, 2025
high
statistical
Population distribution of Indian Americans by state according to a 2025 Pew survey.
A 2025 study published in the journal Pediatrics analyzing electronic health records from pediatric practices found that the rate of peanut allergy among children ages 0–3 fell by more than 27% after 2015 guidance recommending early peanut introduction for high-risk infants and fell by more than 40% after the guidance was expanded in 2017.
January 01, 2025
high
statistical
Observational analysis assessing changes in peanut allergy incidence in young children following national guideline changes.
A 2024 study by researchers at Cornell University published in the journal Brain, Behavior and Immunity – Health analyzed data from 2,117 U.S. adults and operationalized "cumulative social advantage" as a composite measure including family relationships, emotional support, religious involvement, and community/community engagement.
January 01, 2024
high
temporal
Describes the study sample and how the key independent variable (cumulative social advantage) was measured.
Kenvue separated from Johnson & Johnson in 2023.
January 01, 2023
high
corporate
Corporate divestiture of a consumer health business.
The Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) reported that in 2023 about one in five lawfully present immigrant adults in the United States were uninsured.
January 01, 2023
high
temporal
KFF analysis of health insurance coverage among lawfully present immigrants
AmerisourceBergen (now Cencora) announced in early 2022 a $6.1 billion settlement to be paid over 18 years to resolve the vast majority of opioid-related lawsuits brought by state and local governmental entities.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Corporate settlement resolving numerous state and local opioid lawsuits.
Johnson & Johnson agreed in 2022 to pay $5 billion as part of a settlement addressing claims about the company's role in the opioid crisis.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Monetary settlement by a pharmaceutical company related to opioid litigation.
AmerisourceBergen is one of the United States' largest wholesale pharmaceutical distributors.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Description of the company's role in the pharmaceutical supply chain.
A Massachusetts General Hospital study of more than 18,000 mothers and their children born between March 2020 and May 2021 found that about 5% of those mothers had COVID-19 during pregnancy and that children exposed in utero were modestly more likely to receive a neurodevelopmental diagnosis by age 3 after adjustment for maternal age, race, insurance status, and preterm birth; the association was strongest for third‑trimester maternal infection and for male offspring, and most diagnoses involved speech or motor delays.
May 31, 2021
high
temporal
Cohort study using medical records of births during the early COVID-19 pandemic when universal testing was common.
In 2021, Johnson & Johnson announced it would separate its consumer health business into a new company now known as Kenvue, and Kenvue owns the rights and liabilities associated with the sale of those over-the-counter products, including Tylenol.
January 01, 2021
high
temporal
Corporate restructuring and assignment of product rights/liabilities.
Pediatric allergy guidelines were updated in 2021 to encourage introduction of peanut, egg, and other major food allergens as early as 4–6 months of age for all infants.
January 01, 2021
high
policy
Broadened recommendation to introduce common food allergens early for all infants
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases published guidance in 2017 recommending that infants at high risk for peanut allergy be introduced to age-appropriate peanut-containing foods as early as 4 to 6 months of age.
January 01, 2017
high
temporal
Clinical guideline advising early peanut introduction for high-risk infants.
The 2015 Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) randomized trial led by Gideon Lack at King's College London found that introducing peanut products in infancy reduced the future risk of developing peanut allergy by more than 80%.
January 01, 2015
high
temporal
Randomized clinical trial evidence on early peanut introduction and subsequent peanut allergy risk.
A 2015 analysis published in The New England Journal of Medicine reported that peanut allergy prevalence among U.S. children increased from 0.4% in 1997 to more than 2% in 2010.
January 01, 2015
high
temporal
Historical prevalence trend cited in 2015 literature on pediatric peanut allergy.
A 2015 randomized trial (the LEAP study) found that early introduction of peanut-containing foods to infants substantially reduced the risk of developing peanut allergy and noted lower peanut allergy prevalence among Israeli infants who routinely consumed a peanut snack called Bamba compared with British infants who avoided peanuts.
January 01, 2015
high
temporal
Landmark trial linking early peanut exposure in infancy to reduced peanut allergy risk.
Professional pediatric allergy and immunology organizations revised clinical practice guidelines in 2015 and 2017 to allow early introduction of peanuts for high-risk infants.
January 01, 2015
high
policy
Guideline changes permitting early peanut exposure for infants at elevated risk
A 2004 analysis of 30 studies covering 1966–2003 concluded that initiating hormone replacement therapy earlier could reduce mortality.
January 01, 2004
high
temporal
Meta-analysis synthesizing multiple studies on timing of hormone replacement therapy initiation.
The 2002 Women's Health Initiative study found that menopausal hormone therapy was associated with increased risks of cancer and stroke.
January 01, 2002
high
temporal
Large long-term study that influenced safety perceptions of menopausal hormone therapy.
Studies published between 1980 and 1996 reported that hormone therapies were associated with reduced risks of Alzheimer's disease, heart attack, and hip fracture.
January 01, 1996
high
temporal
Multiple studies across 1980–1996 examining outcomes associated with hormone therapy.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture update the Dietary Guidelines for Americans every five years.
high
temporal
Describes the statutory update cycle for the federal dietary guidance.
A cohort study analyzing UK Biobank data that followed more than 120,000 adults over 10 years found that regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with about a 50% higher risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
high
temporal
Longitudinal analysis of beverage consumption and liver outcomes using UK Biobank participants.
The cohort study analyzing UK Biobank data reported that replacing either sugar-sweetened beverages or low-/non-sugar-sweetened beverages with water was associated with up to a 15% reduction in risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), while substituting between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages offered no risk reduction.
high
temporal
Comparative substitution analysis of beverage types and MASLD risk in the cohort study.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is fatty liver disease not caused by alcohol.
high
descriptive
Definition of MASLD (alternative name for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease subtype).
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is commonly referred to as "Obamacare".
high
descriptive
Terminology used for the U.S. federal health law.
Long-term exposure to even low doses of Cesium-137 is associated with an elevated risk of cancer, according to health authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
high
health
Health risk association between prolonged Cesium-137 exposure and cancer risk.
Programmed cell death is a regulated cellular process that determines when cells end their lives and is essential for health; dysregulation of programmed cell death is implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (excessive neuronal death) and cancer (insufficient death of tumor cells).
high
concept
General definition of programmed cell death and its relevance to disease.
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) states that suicide is the second leading cause of death among U.S. youth ages 10–14.
high
statistical
Baseline statistic about youth suicide risk cited by a national mental health organization.
A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analyzed more than 12,000 MRI brain scans from nearly 5,000 healthy participants aged 17 to 95, with each participant having at least two scans taken over time.
high
temporal
Describes the study's sample size, age range, and longitudinal MRI data collection.
The study found that men experienced faster rates of structural brain shrinkage than women across more brain regions, with memory- and sensory-related areas such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions particularly affected.
high
temporal
Main reported comparison of age-related brain volume changes between sexes.
Women were reported to maintain brain size in more areas than men but showed slightly greater enlargement of brain ventricles in the study.
high
temporal
Reported sex differences in regional brain volume changes with age.
Women are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease nearly twice as often as men; proposed explanations for this sex difference include longer female life expectancy, hormonal changes such as shifts in estrogen during menopause, and differences in diagnostic patterns (for example, women being more likely to seek medical help for memory concerns).
high
temporal
Provides a general epidemiological statistic and commonly cited hypotheses for the sex disparity in Alzheimer's diagnoses.
The study sample was limited to generally healthy, largely well-educated participants and did not include individuals already showing signs of dementia, which constrains generalizability of the findings to clinical populations.
high
temporal
Methodological limitation affecting applicability to people with dementia or less-educated populations.
Covering an unwanted tattoo with a new tattoo is an established alternative to tattoo removal when professional removal services are inaccessible or the removal process would be lengthy.
medium
procedural
One common approach people use to deal with unwanted tattoos when removal options are limited or slow.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can result from introduction of bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) into the urinary tract; common risk factors include poor hygiene, sexual activity, and incomplete bladder emptying.
high
static
General clinical and epidemiological description of UTI causes and common individual-level risk factors.
Menopause is the biological stage when the ovaries stop producing estrogen, and it typically occurs in a woman's late 40s.
high
definition
General description of the menopausal transition
Tylenol contains acetaminophen as its active ingredient.
high
definition
Identification of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the over-the-counter medication Tylenol.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that there is no clear evidence proving a direct relationship between prudent use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and fetal developmental issues.
high
medical-guidance
Professional society position on available evidence regarding acetaminophen use in pregnancy.
High fevers and untreated pain during pregnancy are widely recognized as potential risks to pregnancy if left unmanaged.
high
medical
Clinical consideration that untreated maternal fever and significant pain can pose risks during pregnancy.
Coronary heart disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease.
high
definition
Terminology equivalence used in clinical and public health communication.
Flavanols are plant-derived compounds found in foods such as berries, grapes, apples, and cocoa and are associated with benefits for heart and brain health.
high
definition
Defines flavanols and notes commonly cited health associations.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food-allergic reactions to peanuts and other foods can cause hives, difficulty breathing, swelling, vomiting, and can progress to anaphylaxis.
high
medical
General mechanism and clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated food allergy
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs and affects approximately 6.7 million adults in the United States.
high
statistic
Prevalence and basic definition of heart failure.
The Gaza Health Ministry is part of the Hamas-run government and maintains detailed casualty records.
high
institutional
Describes the institutional role and recordkeeping of Gaza's health authority.
Health officials in Gaza do not distinguish between civilians and militants when reporting deaths.
high
procedural
Describes the reporting methodology used by Gaza health authorities for casualty figures.
Low-dose vaginal estrogen products are considered distinct from systemic estrogen therapies, with systemic therapies delivering hormone throughout the body via formulations such as oral pills and transdermal patches.
high
definitional
Clinical distinction used when evaluating localized versus systemic menopausal estrogen treatments.
There is no federal health insurance mandate requiring coverage for nonimmigrant work visa holders such as H-1B visa holders in the United States; health coverage typically depends on the employer or the individual.
high
policy
U.S. policy regarding health insurance for nonimmigrant work visa categories
The Affordable Care Act includes subsidies intended to make health insurance purchased through ACA marketplaces more affordable for many Americans.
high
descriptive
ACA marketplace premium and cost-sharing subsidies help lower consumers' out-of-pocket and premium costs.