The European Union plans to phase out imports of Russian liquefied natural gas, with short-term contracts ending after six months and long-term contracts scheduled to sunset beginning on 2027-01-01.
January 01, 2027
high
temporal
Describes the policy timeline for phasing out a specific energy source from a regional bloc.
U.S. European Command leadership has assessed that NATO should be prepared to fight concurrent conflicts with Russia and China by 2027.
January 01, 2027
high
policy_assessment
Represents a planning horizon and readiness assessment articulated by U.S. European Command leadership.
In 2025, the United States proposed a 28-point blueprint intended to end the Russia-Ukraine war.
November 24, 2025
high
temporal
A multi-point U.S. proposal (described as 28 points) was put forward as a framework to seek a settlement to the conflict in late 2025.
A 2025 U.S. 28-point peace proposal on Russia and Ukraine initially included provisions for Ukraine to cede some territory to Russia, reduce the size of its armed forces, and commit to not being admitted to NATO.
November 24, 2025
high
temporal
Summarizes the substantive elements reportedly contained in the initial U.S. peace proposal discussed in November 2025.
Peace proposals related to the Russia–Ukraine conflict can include terms to halt active fighting, arrange control over territory, and place constraints on a country's potential membership in military alliances such as NATO.
November 23, 2025
high
general
Patterns of terms reported in negotiated or proposed peace frameworks for the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
A U.S.-backed 28-point peace proposal related to the Russia–Ukraine war was publicly leaked in 2025 and included concessions aligning with many Russian demands, including territorial concessions that Ukrainian officials rejected.
November 23, 2025
high
policy
Summary description of the content and public reception of the 28-point U.S.-backed peace proposal in 2025.
By November 23, 2025, the war in Ukraine had lasted nearly four years.
November 23, 2025
high
temporal
Reported duration of the Russia-Ukraine war as described in coverage of peace negotiations.
As of November 23, 2025, the Ukrainian government and its international allies publicly stated they would not accept territorial concessions to Russia as part of a peace settlement.
November 23, 2025
high
policy
Declared negotiating position regarding territorial concessions in proposed peace plans.
As of November 22, 2025, Russian forces were continuing to bombard Ukraine's energy grid.
November 22, 2025
high
temporal
Ongoing targeting of Ukraine's energy infrastructure reported during the conflict.
Donald Trump's 28-point peace plan for Ukraine would require Ukraine to cede additional territory in eastern Ukraine, commit to never joining NATO, and provide full amnesty for Russians accused of war crimes.
November 21, 2025
high
policy
Describes the substantive territorial, NATO-membership, and amnesty provisions attributed to the 28-point plan.
A 2025 U.S. peace proposal for ending the war between Russia and Ukraine reportedly included provisions for Ukrainian territorial concessions to Russia, limits on Ukraine's path to NATO membership, reductions in the size of the Ukrainian armed forces, and offered limited security guarantees to Ukraine.
November 21, 2025
high
policy
Summary of reported elements of a U.S. peace proposal discussed in media coverage in 2025.
By November 21, 2025, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which began in 2022, had been ongoing for nearly four years.
November 21, 2025
high
temporal
Duration of the Russia–Ukraine conflict as of late 2025.
The 2025 U.S. peace proposal envisaged Ukraine ceding territory to Russia, reducing the size of Ukraine's armed forces, and blocking Ukraine's path to NATO membership.
November 21, 2025
high
policy
Specific provisions described as part of the 2025 U.S. proposal for resolving the conflict.
Some reported peace proposals for the Russia-Ukraine conflict (including a reported 28-point proposal) have called for freezing current battle lines and leaving Russia in control of large portions of eastern Ukraine.
November 20, 2025
high
temporal
Describes recurring peace-plan elements proposed in relation to the Russia-Ukraine war.
As of 2025, Russia's armed forces are larger than Ukraine's armed forces.
November 20, 2025
high
comparative
Comparison of military size between the two countries involved in the conflict.
A 2025 28-point peace plan proposed by U.S. President Donald Trump would require Ukraine to cede additional territory in eastern Ukraine.
November 20, 2025
high
temporal
Reported summary of the proposed terms of Trump's 2025 peace plan for Ukraine.
Turkey has maintained stable diplomatic ties with both Russia and the United States during the Russia–Ukraine war (which began in February 2022), as of 2025-11-19.
November 19, 2025
high
diplomatic
Turkey's concurrent relations with Russia and the U.S. affect its potential role as an intermediary in diplomatic efforts.
Turkey has maintained diplomatic ties with both Russia and the United States throughout the 2022–present war in Ukraine.
November 19, 2025
high
contextual
Turkey's bilateral relations with major powers are relevant to mediation and diplomatic efforts related to the conflict
Two central issues in negotiating the end of interstate armed conflicts are which party will control territory after the conflict and how the defeated or threatened state can obtain credible security guarantees against future aggression.
November 19, 2025
high
process
General negotiation priorities in territorial and security disputes between states.
European officials have characterized Russia as waging a 'shadow war' that targets critical infrastructure and both civilian and military facilities across Europe.
November 18, 2025
high
geopolitical
Reported characterization by European officials about patterns of covert or state-linked hostile actions attributed to Russia against infrastructure in Europe.
NATO member countries have publicly accused Russia of employing 'hybrid warfare' tactics, which allies describe as including sabotage and covert incursions.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Characterization of Russian actions by NATO allies amid heightened security concerns in Europe.
Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Western officials and Associated Press data have said that Russia and Russian proxies have been accused of staging dozens of attacks and other incidents across Europe.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Reported pattern of cross-border incidents attributed to Russia and its proxies following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
Western officials assess that an objective of Russian attacks and proxy operations in Europe is to undermine support for Ukraine, to sow fear, and to divide European societies.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Stated strategic aims attributed by Western officials to Russian and proxy operations in Europe.
Proposed legislation can authorize the Department of Defense (the Pentagon) to revoke security clearances of former defense officials who lobby on behalf of companies substantially owned or controlled by designated adversary governments.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Policy approach to limit former officials' ability to leverage past security access when working for foreign-linked companies.
Proposed legislation can impose lifetime bans on Senate-confirmed federal officials from lobbying on behalf of designated adversary governments such as China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Legislative mechanism intended to restrict former high-level officials from representing hostile foreign interests.
Proposed reforms to the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) can eliminate the 'commercial' exemption and the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) exemptions for entities tied to countries of concern, thereby requiring entities representing or advocating for companies substantially owned or controlled by adversary governments to register publicly as foreign agents.
November 18, 2025
high
temporal
Legal change aimed at increasing transparency for representation of foreign-owned or controlled companies.
The United Nations Security Council's permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) possess veto power over substantive resolutions.
November 17, 2025
high
temporal
Explains a durable feature of U.N. Security Council decision-making.
Russian aerial attacks in Ukraine have targeted electricity infrastructure, including strikes timed ahead of winter months.
November 14, 2025
high
thematic
Attacks on power and energy systems have been used as a tactic to disrupt civilian utilities during colder seasons.
China and Russia are veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council.
November 13, 2025
high
institutional
Certain Security Council members have veto power over resolutions.
By 2025, the Russia–Ukraine war had lasted more than three and a half years.
November 12, 2025
high
temporal
Duration of the ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine as of 2025.
By 2025, Russian forces occupied approximately 20% of Ukraine's territory.
November 12, 2025
high
temporal
Estimated share of Ukrainian territory under Russian control during the conflict.
By 2025, the Russia–Ukraine war was the most lethal armed conflict in Europe since World War II.
November 12, 2025
high
temporal
Relative lethality of the Russia–Ukraine war compared with other European conflicts since World War II.
In 2025, Russian forces intensified bombardments of Ukrainian cities and energy infrastructure, at times launching attacks that involved hundreds of drones, decoys, and missiles in a single night.
November 12, 2025
high
military
Pattern of large-scale aerial and missile attacks targeting urban and energy targets during the conflict.
Poseidon is a Russian unmanned underwater vehicle (described as a robot torpedo or smart torpedo) designed to be launched from submarines and to carry a nuclear warhead over long distances at high speed.
November 12, 2025
high
assertion
Describes the intended design and role of the Poseidon system as reported in coverage of Russian weapons modernization.
Oreshnik is a Russian hypersonic medium-range ballistic missile that Russian sources claim can deliver multiple conventional or nuclear warheads at roughly ten times the speed of sound.
November 12, 2025
high
assertion
Characterizes the Oreshnik missile by reported speed and payload configuration.
Burevestnik is a Russian cruise missile concept that uses an onboard nuclear reactor for propulsion, which Russian sources describe as providing effectively unlimited range.
November 12, 2025
high
assertion
Summarizes the reported propulsion approach and range implications for the Burevestnik system.
Russian military modernization efforts include developing novel, relatively low-cost weapon technologies intended to preserve a credible nuclear second-strike capability and to complicate potential missile-defense systems.
November 12, 2025
high
assertion
General description of strategic goals attributed to recent Russian weapons development programs.
In 2025, Russian aerial attacks on energy infrastructure have increasingly employed large numbers of drones, including drones equipped with cameras to improve targeting, creating challenges for air defenses.
November 10, 2025
high
temporal
Describes tactics used in attacks on energy infrastructure and their effect on air-defense effectiveness.
Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Russia has frequently conducted drone and missile strikes on Ukrainian territory that have caused civilian casualties and damage to infrastructure.
November 08, 2025
high
temporal
Describes an ongoing pattern of attacks and their effects during the 2022–2025 phase of the war.
By 2025, Russia and Ukraine had repeatedly targeted each other's energy infrastructure during the conflict, with Russian strikes aiming to disable Ukrainian power and civilian utilities and Ukrainian strikes targeting Russian oil facilities to reduce export revenue.
November 08, 2025
high
strategic
Summarizes reciprocal targeting of energy infrastructure as a strategic objective in the conflict.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has insisted that Ukraine cede control of the Donbas region (Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts) as a prerequisite for peace, making the Donbas a central Russian war aim.
November 08, 2025
high
political
States a stated political demand that frames one of Russia's core objectives in the conflict.
A 2025 report by independent researchers found that Hungary increased the share of Russian oil in its energy mix from about 61% before Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine to around 86%.
November 07, 2025
high
statistical
This statistic describes changes in Hungary's reliance on Russian crude oil following the 2022 invasion.
Hungary has substantial dependence on Russian oil and natural gas for its energy supply.
November 07, 2025
high
energy
Describes Hungary's energy import dependencies and potential vulnerability to supply disruptions.
The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been ongoing since 2022.
November 07, 2025
high
temporal
Provides temporal context for related geopolitical and sanctions developments.
Russia possesses the world's largest nuclear weapons stockpile.
November 05, 2025
high
military
Describes the relative size of national nuclear arsenals.
North Korea relies on a network of banking representatives, financial institutions, and shell companies in North Korea, China, Russia, and elsewhere to launder funds obtained through IT worker fraud, cryptocurrency heists, and sanctions evasion.
November 04, 2025
high
operational
Description of mechanisms and geographic reach used to launder funds linked to North Korean cyber and fraud operations.
Ukraine has used domestically produced long-range drones to strike deep inside Russia, targeting manufacturing plants, oil refineries, and military logistics hubs in an effort to disrupt Russia's war effort.
November 04, 2025
high
general
Describes a recurring Ukrainian tactic during the Russia–Ukraine war to target industrial and logistics infrastructure with domestically produced drones.
Deep strikes inside an adversary's territory using domestically produced drones can produce political and psychological effects such as embarrassment for officials and public unease.
November 04, 2025
medium
general
Observed reactions to cross-border drone strikes can include governmental reticence and public alarm.
In 2025, a United States 28-point peace proposal related to the Russia–Ukraine conflict included a provision calling for Ukraine and the international community to formally recognize some territory captured by Russian forces as no longer Ukrainian.
November 01, 2025
high
policy
Describes a substantive element reported as part of a U.S. peace framework offered for resolving the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
A Federation of American Scientists analysis reported that nine countries, including China, France, India, North Korea, and the United Kingdom, possess a total of roughly 12,240 nuclear warheads, and that Russia and the United States together control approximately 90% of those warheads.
October 31, 2025
high
statistical
Global nuclear warhead stockpile summary from Federation of American Scientists analysis cited in media coverage.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) routinely holds defense minister-level dialogues with external partners, including the United States, China, Japan, India, Australia, South Korea, and Russia.
October 31, 2025
high
multilateral_diplomacy
ASEAN engages multiple major powers through defense and security dialogue mechanisms involving regional and extra-regional partners.
Russia uses energy sales, including oil exports, to generate revenue that supports its economy and funds its military.
October 30, 2025
high
economic
Describes the role of energy export revenues in Russia's economy and military financing.
As of 2025, China has been purchasing Russian oil.
October 30, 2025
high
temporal
Ongoing energy trade between China and Russia.
APEC member economies include China, Mexico, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, and Vietnam.
October 29, 2025
high
descriptive
Examples of APEC member economies
As of 2025-10-29, Russia allows Chinese airlines to transit Russian airspace while not allowing the same transit rights to U.S. airlines, creating a cost advantage for some Chinese carriers on routes involving Russian airspace.
October 29, 2025
high
temporal
Airspace transit permissions affecting airline route costs.
Japan has concentrated defense buildup on its southwestern islands to increase military self-sufficiency in response to regional threats including China's increasingly assertive military activity, and also cites concerns about North Korea and Russia.
October 29, 2025
high
temporal
The southwestern islands have been a focus of Japanese defensive posture due to proximity to regional flashpoints.
NATO's eastern flank borders Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
October 29, 2025
high
geographic
Geographic description of NATO's eastern boundary region in Europe.
Lithuania publicly characterized recent unclaimed airspace incursions by drones and other aircraft as a deliberate escalation of Russian and Belarusian 'hybrid warfare'.
October 27, 2025
high
geopolitical
Represents an official attribution and framing by a NATO member regarding the security implications of unclaimed airspace violations.
Rosneft and Lukoil together account for nearly half of Russia's oil exports.
October 24, 2025
high
statistical
The two companies are major contributors to Russia's oil export volumes.
By 2025, Russia used a 'shadow fleet' of tankers and willing international partners to maneuver around energy-related sanctions.
October 24, 2025
high
temporal
Describes methods used to evade sanctions on oil and gas exports.
By 2025, international sanctions targeting Russia aimed to restrict oil and gas sales in order to reduce revenues that could finance Russia's military operations.
October 24, 2025
high
temporal
General objective of sanctions applied to Russia during its large-scale invasion of Ukraine.
Russia's oil industry is a major source of government revenue that can finance Russian military operations and sustain prolonged conflict.
October 23, 2025
medium
structural
Energy exports as a funding source for state military activity.
Energy-sector revenues are a primary source of government financing in Russia and have allowed President Vladimir Putin to finance military expenditures while helping to avoid high inflation and a currency collapse.
October 23, 2025
medium
temporal
Relationship between hydrocarbon export revenues and Russian macroeconomic stability and defense spending.
The European Union's 2025 sanctions measures targeting Russia included restrictions aimed at the oil and gas sector, measures addressing a shadow fleet of hundreds of aging tankers used to evade sanctions, actions against the Russian financial sector, and new limits on the movement of Russian diplomats within the EU.
October 23, 2025
high
temporal
Components of an EU sanctions package designed to reduce revenue streams and diplomatic mobility.
Energy export revenue is a central pillar of the Russian economy, enabling the government to finance military spending while helping to prevent high inflation and a currency collapse.
October 23, 2025
high
economic
Describes the structural role of hydrocarbon (oil and gas) revenues in Russia's fiscal and macroeconomic stability.
China and India are major importers of Russian oil.
October 23, 2025
high
trade
Identifies principal destination markets for Russian crude exports.
France, Germany and the United Kingdom have publicly supported Ukraine's territorial integrity and opposed proposals to allow Russia to unilaterally seize Ukrainian territory.
October 22, 2025
high
temporal
Positions of major European governments regarding territorial concessions in the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
Ukraine's government has consistently rejected proposals to cede Ukrainian territory to Russia.
October 22, 2025
high
temporal
Policy stance by Ukraine's leadership regarding territorial concessions during the conflict with Russia.
Russia's stated demands in negotiations have historically included prohibiting Ukraine from joining NATO and obtaining territorial concessions of land that had been internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.
October 22, 2025
high
descriptive
Describes recurring elements of Russia's negotiating positions regarding Ukraine and NATO membership.
Ukraine has sought membership in NATO as part of peace negotiations related to the Russia-Ukraine war.
October 22, 2025
high
descriptive
States Ukraine's policy objective to join NATO within the framework of negotiation efforts.
Russia's strategic nuclear forces include land-based Yars intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched Sineva ballistic missiles, and Tu-95 strategic bombers that can carry and launch long-range cruise missiles.
October 22, 2025
high
descriptive
Examples of specific systems that comprise components of Russia's strategic nuclear capabilities.
In Russia's nuclear command posture, authorization to launch nuclear weapons involves the president, the chief of the military's General Staff, and the defense minister.
October 22, 2025
high
descriptive
Description of the senior officials involved in nuclear-launch authorization within Russia's command structure.
In 2025, Russia occupied about one-fifth of Ukraine's territory.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Estimate of territorial control during the Russia-Ukraine war
As of 2025-10-21, Russian forces occupy about one-fifth of the territory of Ukraine.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Estimation of territorial control in the Russia–Ukraine war.
As of 2025, Russian forces have targeted Ukraine's energy infrastructure as a tactical measure intended to degrade civilian morale by causing widespread power outages and cold conditions.
October 20, 2025
high
tactical
Describes a warfare tactic of attacking civilian energy systems to produce humanitarian and morale effects.
The prospect of acquiring long-range precision strike weapons (for example, Tomahawk cruise missiles) can create diplomatic leverage by prompting adversaries to engage in negotiations even if the weapons are not actually deployed.
October 18, 2025
high
general
Analysts and policymakers often treat the potential possession or transfer of long-range strike capabilities as a strategic lever that can influence adversary behavior.
As of 2025-10-17, the United States, Russia, and China were not members of the International Criminal Court.
October 17, 2025
high
temporal
Notable non-member states relative to the ICC.
Russian leadership has indicated that the supply of long-range Tomahawk cruise missiles to Ukraine would be treated as a red line and could further damage relations between Moscow and Washington.
October 16, 2025
high
political
Characterizes Russia's diplomatic stance toward external provision of long-range strike weapons to Ukraine.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which began in 2022, is widely characterized as the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II.
October 16, 2025
high
temporal
Comparative description of the scale of the Russia-Ukraine war relative to post-World War II conflicts in Europe.
Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian power grid has been a recurring target of Russian attacks, and Ukrainian officials say attacks on energy infrastructure increase ahead of the cold months in a strategy they describe as 'weaponizing winter'.
October 16, 2025
high
temporal
Describes an ongoing targeting pattern and strategic intent regarding energy infrastructure during the Russia–Ukraine war.
Ukrainian forces have targeted oil refineries and related energy infrastructure inside Russia as part of efforts to damage Russia's economy and its capacity to sustain military operations.
October 16, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a reciprocal targeting pattern in the conflict aimed at degrading economic and logistical resources.
By October 2025, the conflict in Ukraine had been ongoing for approximately three and a half years.
October 13, 2025
high
temporal
Duration estimates are used as baselines when discussing diplomatic efforts and the humanitarian impact of prolonged conflicts.
The Tomahawk is a long-range cruise missile system with sufficient range to strike deep inside an adversary's territory, including capital cities such as Moscow.
October 13, 2025
high
technical
Describes the strike range capability of Tomahawk long-range cruise missiles.
As of 2025, Russia has carried out attacks on Ukraine's power grid on an annual basis ahead of winter with the stated aim of degrading Ukrainian energy infrastructure.
October 12, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a recurring pattern of attacks on power infrastructure in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Since 2022, Ukraine's energy infrastructure has been a frequent target during the Russia–Ukraine war.
October 12, 2025
high
temporal
Pattern of attacks affecting energy systems in the context of the ongoing conflict.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has stated that U.S. provision of long-range missiles to Ukraine would seriously damage Russia–United States relations.
October 12, 2025
high
general
Represents a stated position by Russian leadership regarding the diplomatic consequences of supplying long-range missiles to Ukraine.
Russia has been an ally of Venezuela.
October 10, 2025
high
contextual
Longstanding diplomatic and strategic relations between the Russian Federation and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Since the full-scale invasion on 2022-02-24, Russian forces have targeted Ukraine's power grid and have increased such attacks ahead of winter.
October 05, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a recurring tactic aimed at civilian infrastructure with seasonal timing implications.
Ukraine has conducted long-range strikes on Russia that have targeted Russian oil infrastructure and have contributed to persistent fuel shortages.
October 05, 2025
high
temporal
Characterizes reciprocal long-range strike activity and its impact on energy supplies.
The acquisition or supply of long-range strike weapons can increase a state's ability to target military assets deep inside an adversary's territory and is often perceived as enhancing deterrence and bargaining leverage in diplomatic negotiations.
September 26, 2025
medium
temporal
Generalized security/deterrence dynamic referenced in debates over supplying long-range weapons.
A 2025 joint Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung survey found that 71% of U.S. adults said relations with Germany were very or somewhat good in 2025, a 13 percentage-point decline from 2024.
September 26, 2025
high
temporal
Findings come from the 2025 joint Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung public opinion survey of the United States and Germany.
In 2025, U.S. adults generally viewed China and Russia as major military threats to the United States, while German adults generally viewed Russia but not China as a major security threat; both U.S. and German publics perceived China as an economic threat and expressed concern about China's growing influence.
September 26, 2025
high
temporal
Perceptions of military and economic threats reported in the 2025 joint public opinion surveys of the United States and Germany.
A reported 2025 U.S.-backed peace framework draft included a provision that would require Ukraine to cede the eastern Donbas region to Russia.
August 18, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a reported element of a proposed peace framework aimed at ending the Ukraine war.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has ruled out recognizing Russian sovereignty over Ukrainian territory.
August 18, 2025
high
temporal
States an ongoing policy position of the Ukrainian president regarding territorial sovereignty.
As of 2025, Serbia has declined to participate in Western-imposed sanctions targeting Russia in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
August 06, 2025
high
political
Summarizes Serbia's stance on Western sanctions related to the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
Serbia and Russia have longstanding cultural and religious ties that are historically rooted in connections through the Serbian Orthodox Church.
August 06, 2025
high
cultural
Describes a durable basis for bilateral affinity between Serbia and Russia.
NATO stated that deterrence measures along its eastern flank were massively reinforced over the decade preceding 2025 as a direct result of Russia's behavior.
June 13, 2025
high
temporal
NATO's assessment attributing strengthened deterrence posture over a ten-year period to actions by Russia.
A 28-point peace framework drafted by the United States as a basis for negotiations outlined potential conditions for a ceasefire and long-term settlement between Ukraine and Russia, including security guarantees, territorial control arrangements, post-conflict reconstruction mechanisms, and Ukraine’s long-term relationship with NATO and the European Union.
January 01, 2025
high
descriptive
Describes the typical content elements contained in multi-point peace frameworks proposed for resolving the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
Baltic states have increased air defense readiness in response to Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine.
December 19, 2024
high
temporal
Heightened alert and strengthened air defenses in Baltic countries have been reported as a regional response to the security implications of the Russia–Ukraine war.
The reported 28-point plan would recognize the Donbass, occupied Crimea, and occupied portions of Zaporizhzhia and Kherson as de facto Russian and would demilitarize the Donbass, giving Russia control over the entire Donbass region.
November 21, 2024
high
temporal
Territorial and demilitarization provisions described in the plan.
The reported 28-point plan would lift U.S. sanctions on Russia in stages on a case-by-case basis, grant full amnesty for actions by all parties, and earmark $100 billion of frozen Russian assets for Ukrainian reconstruction.
November 21, 2024
high
temporal
Economic, legal, and reconstruction provisions described in the plan.
Energy analyst Kevin Book of ClearView Energy reported that at least 18 Russian refineries had been struck at least once, affecting nearly half of Russia's distillation capacity and reducing Russia's ability to export refined products.
October 01, 2024
high
statistical
Counting strikes on refineries and distillation capacity provides a metric for assessing damage to a country's refined-fuels production and export capability.
Russia has asserted a territorial objective of gaining full control of Ukraine's Donbas region and, as of August 2024, occupied roughly 90% of that region.
August 01, 2024
high
geopolitical
Summarizes Russia's stated territorial demand and an approximate occupation percentage for the Donbas area.
In 2023, Russia revoked its ratification of a global nuclear test ban.
January 01, 2023
high
temporal
Change in Russian policy regarding international nuclear test-ban instruments.
In 2023, Kazakhstan exported $3.07 billion in critical minerals to China, $1.8 billion to Russia, and $544 million to the United States, according to country-level trade data compiled by the Observatory of Economic Complexity.
January 01, 2023
high
statistic
Country-level distribution of Kazakhstan's critical mineral exports in 2023.
Sweden maintained a policy of military non-alignment for more than 200 years and became a member of NATO in 2023 following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
January 01, 2023
high
temporal
Longstanding Swedish non-alignment policy and the year Sweden joined NATO.
After Russia reduced gas deliveries in 2022, U.S. liquefied natural gas accounted for nearly 57% of Europe's total gas imports.
December 31, 2022
high
temporal
Change in Europe's import share toward U.S. LNG following major reductions in Russian gas flows in 2022.
Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 (commonly dated 2022-02-24).
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Start of the current large-scale conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
Since February 2022, attacks on Ukraine have repeatedly targeted the country's energy infrastructure during winter months, employing missiles and attack drones and causing widespread power outages.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Describes a recurring tactic in the Russia–Ukraine conflict affecting civilian energy systems.
Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 2022-02-24.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Start date of the large-scale military campaign often referenced in analyses of the conflict.
Since 2022-02-24, Russian forces have carried out attacks on Ukraine's civilian power grid, with patterns of increased strikes ahead of winter that have disrupted civilians' access to heat, electricity, and running water.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Describes a recurring tactic reported during the Russia–Ukraine conflict of targeting civilian energy infrastructure, especially before winter.
Since the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, attacks have recurrently targeted Ukraine's energy infrastructure, with reported attempts each year to damage the power grid ahead of the winter heating season.
February 24, 2022
high
contextual
Describes a repeated tactical pattern observed during the conflict linking attacks on energy systems to the approach of winter.
Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Describes the start of the large-scale Russia–Ukraine war.
Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Date marking the start of Russia's full-scale military invasion of Ukraine.
Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Hungary has halted all sales of weapons to Ukraine.
February 24, 2022
high
policy
Hungary's declared arms export policy toward Ukraine following the 2022 invasion.
Since Russia's 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has publicly rejected proposals to cede Ukrainian territory occupied by Russian forces.
February 24, 2022
high
political
Statement characterizes the consistent political position of Ukraine's president regarding territorial concessions after the 2022 invasion.
Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Background on the start of the 2022 Russo‑Ukrainian war.
NATO has provided military equipment and other assistance to Ukraine since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
February 24, 2022
high
descriptive
Summarizes NATO's sustained support to Ukraine following the 2022 Russian invasion.
After Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, NATO increased its presence on Europe’s eastern flank by deploying additional multinational battle groups to Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Slovakia.
February 24, 2022
high
policy
NATO force posture adjustments in response to Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
Since the full-scale invasion that began on 2022-02-24, Russian forces have occupied most of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in eastern Ukraine.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Describes territorial control changes in eastern Ukraine following the 2022 invasion.
The large-scale Russia-Ukraine war began in 2022.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
The major phase of the conflict commonly referenced as the Russia-Ukraine war started in 2022.
China provided diplomatic and economic support to Russia following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
February 24, 2022
high
temporal
Describes China's international posture toward Russia after the 2022 invasion.
During the Russia-Ukraine war, Ukrainian children were reportedly transferred to Russian territory with the intent that they be raised as Russian.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Describes a reported practice/policy affecting displaced children amid the conflict.
Euroclear, a financial institution based in Belgium, holds a substantial portion of frozen Russian government assets.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Euroclear acts as a custodian/settlement system and is the location of a large share of immobilized Russian deposits.
Russia's share of European Union gas imports was 45% in 2021.
January 01, 2021
high
temporal
Baseline share of EU gas imports attributed to Russian suppliers in 2021.
The 2019 Special Counsel Robert Mueller report concluded that Russia interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and found that several Trump campaign officials had contacts with Russians, but the report did not establish that members of the Trump campaign illegally conspired with the Russian government.
April 18, 2019
high
investigation finding
Summary of key conclusions from the Special Counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election.
Russia has been developing a nuclear-capable, nuclear-powered cruise missile called Burevestnik, which NATO assigned the code name "Skyfall".
March 01, 2018
high
temporal
Program-level characteristic and international designation.
The Poseidon is a Russian nuclear-capable underwater drone that was first unveiled in 2018.
January 01, 2018
high
temporal
Unveiling date and classification of the Poseidon system.
The Poseidon is designed to travel across oceans at high speeds using nuclear propulsion and to carry a large nuclear warhead.
January 01, 2018
high
temporal
Design intent and propulsion/armament characteristics reported for the Poseidon system.
The RS-28 Sarmat, often referred to as 'Satan II', is a Russian intercontinental-range ballistic missile.
January 01, 2018
high
temporal
Identification and classification of the Sarmat missile.
Crossfire Hurricane was the FBI probe opened on July 31, 2016, into possible ties between the 2016 Trump presidential campaign and Russia.
July 31, 2016
high
temporal
Definition of the FBI investigation commonly referred to as Crossfire Hurricane
The Steele dossier is a set of memos compiled in 2016 by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele that alleged ties between Russia and Donald Trump and has been widely discredited.
January 01, 2016
high
temporal
Description and general assessment of the Steele dossier.
Russia fully annexed the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine in March 2014.
March 18, 2014
high
temporal
Historical territorial change during the early stages of the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
The 2010 New START arms reduction treaty limits each party to no more than 1,550 deployed nuclear warheads and 700 deployed missiles and bombers.
April 08, 2010
high
temporal
Caps on deployed strategic offensive arms under the 2010 New START treaty between the United States and Russia.
Russia (including tests carried out by the then-Soviet Union) has not conducted a nuclear weapons test since 1990.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
Historical baseline for Russian/Soviet nuclear testing activity.
Russia's last nuclear weapons tests occurred in 1990.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
Historical status of Russian nuclear explosive testing.
The Soviet Union (Russia) carried out its last nuclear test in 1990.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
Year of the final nuclear test by the Soviet Union/Russia.
Russia has not confirmed a nuclear weapon test since 1990.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
Historical reference to confirmed Russian nuclear tests.
Russia and China conducted their last known nuclear weapon tests in the 1990s.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
Refers to the decade (the 1990s) as the period of the most recent known nuclear explosive tests by Russia and China.
Russia's last known nuclear explosive test occurred in 1990.
January 01, 1990
high
temporal
This refers to Russia's most recent publicly known nuclear test detonation.
Since Russia launched its all-out invasion of Ukraine, the energy sector in Ukraine has been treated as a key battleground, with attacks targeting power infrastructure.
high
conflict
Describes a recurring strategic focus in the Russia–Ukraine conflict on disrupting energy systems.
Russia operates a fleet of more than 40 icebreakers, including nuclear-powered vessels.
high
general
Describes the scale and capability of Russia's icebreaker fleet relevant to Arctic operations.
The Northern Sea Route is an Arctic shipping lane along Russia's northern coast that connects Europe to Asia via Arctic waters.
high
geographic
Geographic description of a major Arctic maritime corridor relevant to international shipping and strategic access.
Ukraine's power grid has weathered three winters of Russian bombardment, during which engineers patched substations under missile and drone fire and civilians relied on backup generators and candles during prolonged outages.
high
general
Recurring pattern of damage and mitigation during the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
KAB-series weapons are Russian precision-guided aerial bombs designed to strike targets with greater accuracy than unguided bombs.
high
descriptive
KAB is a designation for Russian guided bomb types used in aerial strikes.
Russia's war in Ukraine has been described as the worst armed conflict in Europe since World War II.
high
geopolitical
Descriptive characterization of the scale and severity of the Russia–Ukraine war relative to post-World War II Europe.
Russia's largest energy customers include China, India, and Turkey.
high
economic
Identification of key international buyers of Russian energy exports.
The United States has provided assistance to Ukraine aimed at targeting Russian energy facilities to weaken Russia's economy and increase pressure on its leadership to negotiate.
high
policy
Description of a policy approach that focuses on degrading an adversary's energy infrastructure to produce economic and political pressure.
A U.S. Senate sanctions bill proposes imposing fresh economic sanctions intended to increase pressure on Russia to end its war in Ukraine.
high
policy
Describes the stated objective of the legislative measure.
The bill includes a provision imposing a 500% tariff on imported goods from countries that purchase Russian oil, gas, or uranium.
high
policy
Describes a specific economic measure contained in the legislation.
Rosneft and Lukoil are the two largest oil companies in Russia.
high
descriptive
Structure of Russia's oil industry
Rosneft and Lukoil are Russia's two largest oil companies.
high
entity
Identifies the two largest corporate actors in Russia's oil sector.
The Sukhoi Su-30 is a Russian multi-role fighter aircraft and the Ilyushin Il-78 is a Russian aerial refueling tanker aircraft.
high
technical
General descriptions of aircraft types and roles.
Article 4 of the NATO treaty can be invoked by any NATO member that feels its security is at risk; invoking Article 4 prompts consultations among NATO allies to discuss the perceived threat, and Article 4 has been invoked nine times in NATO's history, including three invocations related to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
high
institutional
Describes the consultation mechanism available to NATO members under Article 4 and historical invocation counts.
Kaliningrad is a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea that is separate from the rest of Russia and is bordered on two sides by Lithuania and Poland.
high
geographical
Geographic description of the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad and its borders.
The Burevestnik is a Russian nuclear-powered cruise missile.
high
descriptive
Burevestnik is referenced as a type of Russian cruise missile powered by a nuclear reactor.
Russian officials have described the Burevestnik as having a range of over 8,000 miles and as being capable of penetrating missile defenses.
high
descriptive
Reported capability claims made by Russian authorities about the Burevestnik weapon system.
North Korea has developed closer political and military ties with Russia and China, including reportedly providing personnel to Russia for its war in Ukraine, raising concerns about possible transfers of advanced technologies such as satellite systems.
high
geopolitical
Description of evolving Moscow–Pyongyang and Beijing–Pyongyang relationships and related security concerns.
The RS-24 Yars is an intercontinental ballistic missile deployed by Russia.
high
technical
The Yars is a Russian strategic missile system classified as an ICBM.
The Iskander-K is a Russian short-range (tactical) ballistic missile system.
high
technical
The Iskander family includes short-range ballistic missile variants used by Russia for tactical strikes and exercises.
Burevestnik is the name associated with a Russian program for a nuclear-powered cruise missile.
medium
technical
Burevestnik has been reported as a Russian effort to develop a cruise missile that uses a nuclear-powered propulsion concept.
Some states have pursued development of nuclear-powered underwater torpedoes as strategic weapon concepts.
medium
technical
Nuclear-powered underwater torpedoes have been reported in open sources as a type of strategic weapon under development by at least one country.
The United States refers to a Russian nuclear-capable torpedo by the name "Skyfall."
medium
descriptive
Nomenclature used by U.S. officials and reporting for a Russian weapon system.
The Russian nuclear-capable torpedo described as "Skyfall" is characterized as being designed to travel long distances underwater, including across the Pacific from Russia's east coast to the U.S. west coast.
medium
descriptive
Reported design and intended range-related capability of the weapon.
Lukoil and Rosneft are major Russian oil companies.
high
descriptive
Identification of prominent companies in Russia's energy sector.
Attacking a country's energy infrastructure is a tactic that can be used to erode civilian morale and to disrupt industrial and war-related production, including weapons manufacturing.
high
contextual
Explains strategic effects of strikes on energy systems in conflict settings.
G20 membership includes the United States, China, Russia, India, Japan, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the European Union.
high
descriptive
List of major members commonly cited as part of the G20.
Russia has conducted frequent incursions into NATO airspace using drones and fighter jets, which has been described as testing the alliance's defenses.
high
security_trend
Characterizes a pattern of military activity that affects NATO airspace security.
A 28-point U.S. proposal to end the Russia–Ukraine war included demands for Ukrainian territorial concessions and limits on the size of Ukraine's military.
high
policy
Description of the substantive elements of a diplomatic peace proposal.
European Union institutions and many European governments provide financial assistance to Ukraine and maintain sanctions on Russia in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine.
high
policy
Ongoing European policy measures relating to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
China has publicly urged Ukraine to sign a peace agreement with Russia as part of its diplomatic position toward the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
high
policy
China has taken a diplomatic stance encouraging a negotiated settlement between Ukraine and Russia.
Peace negotiation frameworks related to interstate conflicts can include provisions on capping the size of a country's military, addressing alliance membership (for example, NATO aspirations), settling control of disputed territory, and determining the treatment of frozen financial assets.
high
process
Common recurring issues addressed in peace proposals and diplomatic negotiations.