Immigration enforcement and related detention are primarily federal responsibilities under U.S. law, and federal primacy is commonly invoked in legal challenges to state-run immigration facilities.
November 19, 2025
high
temporal
Legal disputes over state-operated immigration facilities frequently raise federal-versus-state authority questions.
Under U.S. federal government shutdown protocols, employees designated as 'essential' or 'excepted' are required to continue working during shutdowns and typically do not receive pay until appropriations are enacted and back pay is authorized.
November 13, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the general treatment of essential (excepted) federal employees during government funding lapses.
Short-term federal funding measures (continuing resolutions) can maintain government funding at the prior fiscal year's levels temporarily to provide additional time to negotiate and enact full appropriations for the next fiscal year.
November 12, 2025
high
procedural
General description of the purpose and effect of continuing short-term funding measures in the U.S. federal budget process
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, designated essential federal employees, including civilian air traffic controllers, may be required to continue working without pay.
November 11, 2025
high
temporal
Federal continuity rules can require essential personnel to perform duties during lapses in appropriations, with pay deferred until funding is restored.
U.S. federal criminal charges used in terrorism prosecutions can include transferring firearms and ammunition while knowing they will be used to commit or support terrorism, and providing material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization such as ISIS.
November 10, 2025
high
legal
Types of federal charges commonly brought in terrorism-related cases.
Availability and timing of SNAP benefit payments depend on federal funding and administrative decisions and can be affected by federal court rulings or other federal actions; states may choose to advance funds to maintain benefit continuity.
November 09, 2025
medium
policy
General principle about how SNAP operations can be influenced by federal legal and funding actions and state responses.
Government shutdowns can result in federal employees being furloughed or experiencing delays in receiving pay unless Congress enacts legislation or other measures to provide pay during the shutdown.
November 08, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the typical personnel and pay consequences of federal government funding gaps.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, essential federal employees such as air traffic controllers can be required to continue working without pay.
November 07, 2025
high
temporal
Federal shutdowns can obligate certain essential workers to perform duties before appropriations are restored.
U.S. federal funds are used to finance local public services and priorities such as education, transportation, and national security activities including counter-terrorism.
November 07, 2025
high
functional
Common functions supported by federal funding at local and national levels.
Federal civil servants generally serve a two-year probationary period described as a trial period before they can be converted to permanent employment.
November 06, 2025
high
procedural
Standard employment practice for many U.S. federal positions, used to determine conversion to permanent status.
As of 2025, the U.S. federal government spent about $8 billion per month on SNAP benefits.
November 04, 2025
high
temporal
Typical monthly federal expenditure on the SNAP program
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, many federal employees may be furloughed or required to work without immediate pay, which can cause them to miss paychecks.
November 03, 2025
high
procedural
Typical effects of a federal government shutdown on federal personnel and pay
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, employees designated as "essential" (including air traffic controllers) are often required to continue working without pay and typically receive retroactive back pay when appropriations are restored.
November 02, 2025
high
policy
Practice during lapses of federal appropriations affecting excepted/essential employees.
A 2025 change to U.S. regulations eliminated the compliance market in which automakers purchased regulatory credits from electric-vehicle manufacturers, removing a revenue stream that previously benefited some EV makers.
October 31, 2025
high
temporal
Regulatory change affecting emissions compliance mechanisms and EV-related revenue.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, lawmakers can use targeted or "Ć la carte" funding bills to continue benefits or operations for specific programs and beneficiaries while other parts of the government remain closed.
October 29, 2025
high
temporal
Explains a durable legislative approach to mitigate harms from partial government closures.
U.S. federal deportation agreements with third countries have been subject to legal challenges by advocacy groups that argue such agreements can violate due process rights and result in immigrants being sent to countries with records of human rights abuses.
October 28, 2025
high
legal
Litigation and advocacy surrounding government use of third-country deportation arrangements.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, 'excepted' federal employees who are required to work may continue performing duties but may not receive pay until appropriations are restored.
October 27, 2025
high
temporal
Describes federal pay and work status during funding lapses.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, certain categories of federal workers such as air traffic controllers and members of the armed forces can miss scheduled paychecks if appropriations lapse.
October 27, 2025
high
temporal
Identifies worker groups commonly affected by missed federal pay during funding gaps.
During a prolonged U.S. federal government shutdown, federally funded nutrition assistance programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) can face funding cliffs that risk benefit shortfalls for recipients.
October 27, 2025
high
temporal
Explains how program funding timelines can affect benefit continuity in a shutdown.
Under U.S. federal practice during a lapse in appropriations, 'excepted' (essential) federal employees continue to work but do not receive pay until appropriations are restored, while nonessential federal employees are placed on furlough and typically receive retroactive back pay after funding is resumed.
October 23, 2025
high
policy
Describes standard federal workforce pay and furlough treatment during government funding lapses (shutdowns).
A federal government shutdown, by causing lapses in appropriations, can limit federal agencies' ability to litigate or continue litigation, and courts may grant stays or pauses in proceedings at the government's request until appropriations are restored by Congress.
October 22, 2025
high
procedural
When appropriations lapse, agencies may lack authority to expend funds on litigation-related activities, which can lead to requests for procedural pauses in court cases.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the federal food assistance program formerly known as "food stamps".
October 22, 2025
high
temporal
Official program name and historical name for the U.S. federal food assistance program.
Under U.S. federal law, federal civilian employees are entitled to receive back pay for missed pay periods once a federal government shutdown ends.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Legal entitlement affecting federal workers during and after federal government shutdowns
Past U.S. federal government shutdowns have imposed measurable costs on government operations and the broader U.S. economy.
October 21, 2025
medium
temporal
Historical economic impact of federal government shutdowns
A U.S. federal government shutdown can lead to furloughs of federal employees and missed paychecks.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Shutdowns that halt government operations typically cause temporary unpaid leave and payroll disruptions for affected federal workers.
Federal agencies have the authority to withhold federal highway safety grant funds from states for failure to comply with applicable federal requirements.
October 21, 2025
high
descriptive
Federal grant programs commonly include compliance conditions and can be withheld when states do not meet federal requirements.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federally funded food assistance program in the United States.
October 16, 2025
high
definition
General definition of SNAP
A federal government shutdown can cause active-duty U.S. military personnel to miss or experience delays in receiving full paychecks.
October 11, 2025
high
policy
Effects of federal government shutdowns on pay for active-duty service members.
A U.S. federal government shutdown can result in suspension or reduction of government services and can cause federal employees, including some military personnel, to be furloughed or to work without immediate pay.
October 10, 2025
high
impact
General effects commonly associated with lapses in federal government funding.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, active-duty service members required to work and other federal employees can experience delayed or missed paychecks unless Congress or the President provides funding or emergency pay.
October 10, 2025
high
impact
Summarizes a common consequence of federal government shutdowns for federal payroll.
Air traffic controllers are classified as excepted (essential) federal employees who are required to continue working during a U.S. federal government shutdown and may not receive pay until appropriations resume.
October 08, 2025
high
temporal
Employment classification for certain federal workers during funding lapses.
A continuing resolution (CR) is a temporary funding measure that Congress can pass to keep federal government operations funded until a specified future date when regular appropriations are enacted.
October 08, 2025
high
definition
Explains the purpose and function of a continuing resolution in federal budgeting.
U.S. federal government shutdowns can disrupt or delay the regular release of key economic data.
October 07, 2025
high
process
When federal agencies suspend operations or reduce staffing during shutdowns, scheduled economic statistics and reports are often postponed or interrupted.
A 'furlough' in the context of a U.S. federal government shutdown refers to federal employees being told not to work during the shutdown and not receiving pay while the shutdown is in effect.
October 07, 2025
high
definition
Definition of furlough as applied during government shutdowns.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, some federal employees continue to work but do not receive pay while the shutdown is in effect.
October 07, 2025
high
process
Describes the status of some federal employees during shutdowns who perform work without immediate compensation.
In prior U.S. federal government shutdowns, federal employees who were furloughed subsequently received back pay after the shutdown ended.
October 07, 2025
high
historical
Historical pattern of compensation for furloughed federal workers following past shutdowns.
When the U.S. federal government shuts down, agencies typically furlough employees who are not considered essential.
October 05, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a standard administrative outcome of federal government shutdowns.
A lapse in federal appropriations (a government shutdown) can result in military personnel working without pay and some federal employees being furloughed.
October 05, 2025
high
process
Operational and personnel effects that commonly occur during federal government funding lapses.
A lapse in federal appropriations can lead to federal employees being placed in furlough status during which they may be unable to perform official duties.
October 05, 2025
high
operational
Describes the operational consequence of a funding lapse for federal workforce management.
Under U.S. law, the federal government can federalize a state's National Guard by asserting a rebellion or similar basis, and courts can review whether the government has met the legal threshold for such a declaration.
October 04, 2025
high
legal
Federalization of state National Guard units is legally actionable and subject to judicial review of the factual/legal threshold (e.g., a rebellion).
The U.S. federal government's fiscal year ends on September 30 and federal appropriations are organized around that fiscal year.
October 03, 2025
high
temporal
Provides the baseline calendar timing for federal budgeting and appropriations.
Continuing resolutions can be structured to extend federal funding for a range of durations, from short interim extensions measured in weeks to longer measures that can cover an entire fiscal year.
October 03, 2025
high
temporal
Explains the possible temporal scopes for CRs as stopgap funding instruments.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, many federal employees are furloughed and non-essential operations such as access to offices, laboratories, email accounts, research projects, and grant-making activities are commonly paused.
October 01, 2025
high
temporal
Describes typical operational effects of U.S. federal government funding shutdowns on research and administrative functions.
A Reduction in Force (RIF) is a U.S. federal personnel policy used to terminate or lay off federal employees.
October 01, 2025
high
definition
Federal human resources policy terminology.
The U.S. federal fiscal year 2026 began on 2025-10-01.
October 01, 2025
high
temporal
Start date for the U.S. federal fiscal year 2026.
The U.S. federal government collected roughly $215 billion in tariffs in fiscal year 2025 (October 1, 2024āSeptember 30, 2025), according to the U.S. Treasury Department.
September 30, 2025
high
temporal
Total tariff revenue collected by the U.S. federal government for fiscal year 2025.
The U.S. Treasury Department reported that the U.S. federal government collected roughly $215 billion in tariffs during the 2025 fiscal year, which ran from October 2024 to September 30, 2025.
September 30, 2025
high
statistical
Aggregate tariff revenue reported for the U.S. federal government's 2025 fiscal year.
Fiscal Year 2025 covered the period October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025.
September 30, 2025
high
temporal
Definition of the U.S. federal fiscal year timeframe used for reporting border enforcement statistics.
In the U.S., air traffic controllers are designated essential (excepted) federal employees who are required to continue working during federal government shutdowns even if pay is delayed.
September 27, 2025
high
policy
Federal shutdown employment policy for essential/excepted staff
U.S. employers added 119,000 jobs in September 2025, as reported by the U.S. Department of Labor.
September 01, 2025
high
temporal
Monthly payroll employment change from the U.S. Department of Labor payroll survey.
A provision titled 'Requiring Senate Notification for Senate Data' inserted into a Legislative Branch appropriations bill would authorize U.S. senators directly targeted in Special Counsel Jack Smith's 'Arctic Frost' investigation to sue the U.S. federal government for up to $500,000 in damages.
May 20, 2025
high
policy
Describes the scope and monetary remedy authorized by a legislative provision related to targeted surveillance of senators.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, congressional staff generally do not receive paychecks for pay periods that fall during the shutdown but receive backpay after funding is restored; members of Congress can elect administrative withholding of their salary during a shutdown but must receive the withheld amounts as backpay once the government is funded again.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Operational practices for congressional pay and staff pay during federal funding lapses
A 2025 Yale Budget Lab analysis estimated that providing $2,000 tariff-funded checks to every individual with income under $100,000 would cost about $450 billion.
January 01, 2025
high
temporal
Estimate of the fiscal cost of a proposed $2,000 per-person payment funded by tariff revenue.
A U.S. executive order titled "Keeping Men Out of Women's Sports" issued on 2024-02-05 directs that schools that allow biological males to compete in girls' sports may face federal funding freezes.
February 05, 2024
high
policy
Federal executive action linking school compliance on participation of transgender athletes to potential federal funding consequences.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, air traffic controllers and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) workers are designated essential employees and are required to continue working even if their pay is delayed until funding is restored.
November 02, 2023
high
temporal
Federal staffing rules during funding lapses require certain safety-critical workers to remain on duty without pay until appropriations are passed.
Federal spending on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) was $127 billion in 2022.
January 01, 2022
high
temporal
Annual federal expenditure on the SNAP program.
U.S. federal spending on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) totaled $128 billion in 2021.
December 31, 2021
high
temporal
Annual federal expenditure on the SNAP food assistance program.
An FBI employee asserted that the U.S. federal government approved the display of Pride flags at federal office complexes in June 2021.
June 01, 2021
medium
policy
Claim about a federal workplace display policy made by an employee in a lawsuit/interview.
The U.S. federal government underwent a 35-day shutdown from December 22, 2018 to January 25, 2019, the longest federal government shutdown on record.
January 25, 2019
high
temporal
Historical duration of U.S. federal government shutdowns
The longest U.S. federal government shutdown lasted 35 days, occurring from December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, during President Donald Trump's first term.
January 25, 2019
high
temporal
Historical record of U.S. federal government shutdown durations.
The U.S. federal government shutdown record of 35 days was set in 2019.
January 25, 2019
high
statistic
Baseline historical length for federal government shutdowns in the United States.
The Government Employee Fair Treatment Act (GEFTA) is a U.S. federal law signed on 2019-01-15 that addresses compensation of federal employees for wages lost, work performed, or leave used during a government shutdown.
January 15, 2019
high
temporal
Defines the statutory purpose of GEFTA regarding federal employee compensation during shutdowns.
Prior to 2025, the longest U.S. federal government shutdown lasted 35 days in 2019.
January 01, 2019
high
historical
Historical record length of a U.S. federal government funding lapse.
The longest U.S. federal government shutdown lasted 34 days and began in December 2018; that shutdown involved a demand for funds to pay for a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border.
December 01, 2018
high
temporal
Historical record of the longest federal shutdown and its central funding dispute.
The longest U.S. federal government funding lapse in modern history lasted 34 days, occurring from late 2018 into early 2019.
January 01, 2018
high
historical
Historical record of federal funding lapses by duration.
U.S. federal government shutdowns in their current administrative and legal form began in 1980.
January 01, 1980
high
temporal
Describes the historical start of the contemporary federal shutdown mechanism.
In 1980 the U.S. attorney general issued legal opinions concluding it was illegal for federal agencies to continue spending without authorization from Congress, which led to the modern form of U.S. federal government shutdowns.
January 01, 1980
high
temporal
Historical origin of the contemporary federal government shutdown practice
The U.S. federal high school longitudinal studies program began in 1972 and has collected data on six large cohorts of high school students, including student, parent and teacher surveys, academic transcripts, and thousands of variables, with follow-ups typically spanning about a decade.
January 01, 1972
high
temporal
Description of the scope and design of the U.S. federal high school longitudinal studies program.
The U.S. federal government has the authority to federalize National Guard units and deploy those federalized troops across state lines.
high
procedural
Describes the federal process by which National Guard units can be placed under federal control and sent to other states.
U.S. federal leak investigations have included use of polygraph examinations and aggressive tactics such as seizing phone and email records to identify sources of disclosures.
high
investigative_practice
Federal administrations have employed polygraphs and records seizures as tools in counterintelligence and leak investigations.
Under U.S. federal law governing federal activation of the National Guard, federal deployment is commonly justified by conditions such as an ongoing 'rebellion' or when the federal government cannot carry out federal law without National Guard assistance.
high
legal
Describes statutory preconditions and legal rationale used to justify federal activation of state National Guard forces for domestic deployments.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, nonessential federal employees are typically placed on furlough rather than being terminated.
high
procedural
Describes the common administrative response to lapses in appropriations for the federal government.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, workers designated as 'essential'āincluding Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officers and air traffic controllersāare required to continue working without receiving immediate pay.
high
policy
Describes employment and pay expectations for designated essential federal workers during a government shutdown.
U.S. federal government shutdowns can cause federal agencies to issue layoff notices and to furlough or terminate federal employees when appropriations lapse.
high
process
Describes the general consequence of a lapse in appropriations on the federal workforce.
U.S. federal government shutdowns can cause federal employees to be furloughed or to work without pay until appropriations are restored.
high
impact
Describes a recurring consequence of federal funding lapses in the U.S. government.
U.S. federal government shutdowns can produce economic ripple effects that disrupt services and have broader impacts beyond the federal workforce.
high
impact
Summarizes common secondary economic and service disruptions associated with federal funding gaps.
A continuing resolution (CR) is a short-term extension of current U.S. federal funding levels intended to give negotiators additional time to reach an agreement on funding for the next fiscal year.
high
process
Definition of a continuing resolution in the U.S. federal budget process
The U.S. federal government's fiscal year begins on October 1.
high
temporal
Start date for the annual federal budget cycle in the United States
U.S. law is unsettled on whether federal officials may deport noncitizens who are already present in the United States based solely on their speech.
high
legal
Legal question about the interaction between First Amendment protections and immigration enforcement actions such as deportation.
Title IX is a U.S. federal law that forbids discrimination based on sex in education.
high
legal
Definition of Title IX as referenced in discussions of federal civil rights obligations in education.
John Bolton has held a variety of senior positions within the U.S. federal government since the 1980s.
high
temporal
Longstanding career in U.S. government service
Medicare Advantage plans and privately managed Medicaid plans are paid fixed per-enrollee rates by the government and are permitted to retain funds they do not spend on patient care.
high
policy
Describes the common capitation-style payment model used by the U.S. government for Medicare Advantage and many Medicaid managed care contracts.
Government shutdowns can lead to furloughs of non-essential federal employees, temporarily removing those employees from active duty.
high
descriptive
In U.S. federal practice, lapses in appropriations (government shutdowns) have been used to furlough non-essential federal staff.
The U.S. federal government has deployed federal agents, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection personnel, and National Guard troops to conduct immigration enforcement operations in U.S. cities such as Los Angeles, Portland, and Chicago.
high
procedural
Describes a recurring operational practice of using federal law enforcement and military resources for immigration enforcement in U.S. cities.
When there is a lapse in congressional appropriations for the U.S. federal government (a government shutdown), some civilian federal employees are typically placed on furlough and do not work while other employees designated as essential continue to work; employees in both groups can be without pay during the lapse in appropriations.
high
policy
Describes the typical operational and pay effects of a federal government lapse in appropriations.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, federal employees can miss scheduled paychecks.
high
temporal
Describes a common fiscal consequence of a U.S. federal government shutdown.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, air travel can be disrupted because air traffic controllers and other aviation staff may continue working without pay.
high
temporal
Shutdowns can affect operational continuity in federally overseen transportation services.
During U.S. federal government shutdowns, federally funded food assistance programs can face interruptions or reductions in aid distribution.
high
temporal
Federal funding disruptions can put social safety-net programs at risk during shutdowns.
U.S. federal government shutdowns can cause federal workers to miss paychecks, disrupt flights when air traffic controllers work without pay, and threaten the continuity of federally supported food assistance to states.
high
causal
A lapse in appropriations can force unpaid furloughs or continued unpaid work by essential personnel and interrupt federally funded programs.
The U.S. federal government can withhold federal highway safety funding from a state for failing to comply with federal program requirements.
high
policy
Federal transportation funding is conditional on state compliance with applicable federal safety and program requirements; noncompliance can trigger penalties including funding withholding.
The federal government can withhold federal highway safety funding from a state for failing to comply with federal requirements related to English-language proficiency for commercial driver licensing.
medium
policy
Federal transportation funding can be conditioned on state compliance with federal standards for commercial driver licensing, including language-proficiency requirements.
During a U.S. federal government shutdown, some federal employees may be furloughed or have their pay delayed, while certain essential personnelāsuch as military service members and air traffic controllersāgenerally continue working even if pay is deferred until funding is restored.
high
operational
A lapse in appropriations forces agencies to follow contingency plans that categorize employees as "excepted" (essential) or "non-excepted" (furloughed) for work and pay purposes.
Illegal reentry into the United States after deportation can be referred for federal prosecution as the federal offense of unlawful reentry.
high
legal
General legal consequence referenced when individuals reenter the U.S. after prior removal.
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) is a U.S. federal program that provides nutrition and food assistance benefits to eligible individuals and households.
high
descriptive
Federal food assistance program referenced in discussions of benefits and public assistance.
In U.S. federal government shutdowns, federal employees designated as "essential" typically continue working without pay while other federal employees are furloughed.
high
procedural
Describes typical personnel and pay status for federal workers during a government shutdown.
The Crime Victims' Rights Act imposes statutory obligations on the government to protect victims' rights during criminal proceedings, which can include considerations when the government seeks to dismiss charges.
high
legal
Federal prosecutors and courts must account for victims' rights under this statute when making and reviewing disposition decisions.
The U.S. federal government is funded through appropriations bills that Congress must pass to allocate funding to federal departments and agencies.
high
institutional
Appropriations bills are the primary legislative vehicles for funding federal operations.
The U.S. federal budget is typically implemented through 12 separate appropriations (spending) bills.
high
contextual
Structure of the U.S. federal appropriations process.
A U.S. federal government shutdown occurs when Congress fails to enact appropriations or a temporary continuing resolution, causing suspension of non-exempt federal operations.
high
temporal
Defines the triggering condition and immediate administrative consequence of a federal shutdown.
The provision titled 'Requiring Senate Notification for Senate Data' authorizes a senator to bring a lawsuit against the federal government seeking monetary damages of $500,000.
high
legal
Describes the core legal entitlement created by the named provision.
Access to federal briefings on terror threats and certain law-enforcement activities generally requires federal security clearance.
high
procedural
Federal-level classified information and threat briefings are typically restricted to cleared individuals.