The European Union plans to phase out imports of Russian liquefied natural gas, with short-term contracts ending after six months and long-term contracts scheduled to sunset beginning on 2027-01-01.
January 01, 2027
high
temporal
Describes the policy timeline for phasing out a specific energy source from a regional bloc.
European governments maintain that security arrangements affecting Europe should involve European states and not be decided solely by external powers.
November 23, 2025
high
policy
Declared stance by multiple European leaders regarding participation in negotiations on European security.
The 28-point peace plan for Ukraine includes a U.S. and European security guarantee modeled on NATO's Article 5 that would commit the United States and European allies to treat an attack on Ukraine as an attack on the wider transatlantic community.
November 21, 2025
high
policy
Describes the security-guarantee mechanism in the plan, modeled on collective-defense principles similar to NATO's Article 5.
European leaders have characterized Russia's war against Ukraine as an existential threat to Europe and have stated that the terms of any peace agreement should be decided by Ukraine.
November 21, 2025
high
position
Expressed rationale by European officials about why they seek consultation on peace efforts related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
The Group of Twenty (G20) expanded to include 21 members: 19 nations plus the European Union and the African Union, with the bloc intended to bring wealthy and developing countries together to address global economic problems.
November 21, 2025
high
descriptive
Structural definition and purpose of the G20
National authorities can alert an EU member state's digital regulator about suspected breaches of the European Union's Digital Services Act (DSA).
November 21, 2025
high
regulatory
Mechanism for referring suspected violations of the EU Digital Services Act to national digital regulators.
The G20 is a bloc consisting of 19 nations, with the European Union and the African Union also participating as members.
November 20, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the membership composition of the Group of 20 (G20).
The European Union is a political and economic bloc composed of 27 member countries.
November 19, 2025
high
institutional
The EU is a multilateral organization for economic and political integration among its member states.
The European Union requires continuous anti-corruption efforts and respect for the rule of law as key conditions for a country to qualify for EU membership.
November 13, 2025
high
policy
EU accession criteria emphasize anti-corruption capacity and rule-of-law standards.
The European Union and other foreign partners provide financial assistance and investment to support Ukraine's energy sector.
November 13, 2025
high
economic
International financial support directed to national energy infrastructure and operations.
The United States has trade agreements or trade arrangements with the European Union, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.
November 13, 2025
high
trade_relationship
A general summary of countries and blocs with which the United States has established trade deals or arrangements.
Belgium is home to the headquarters of NATO and the European Union and hosts a major financial clearinghouse that holds tens of billions of euros in frozen Russian assets.
November 05, 2025
high
political-economic
Explains Belgium's strategic political and financial significance within Europe.
Trade agreements with Japan, South Korea, and the European Union included investment pledges totaling more than $1.5 trillion into the U.S. economy over multiple future years, and those pledges were commitments for future investment rather than upfront payments.
November 05, 2025
high
temporal
Agreements that include multi-year investment commitments into the United States.
As of 2025, European authorities estimated that up to $250 billion in Russian assets were held frozen within the European Union.
October 24, 2025
high
temporal
Estimate of frozen Russian financial assets held in EU accounts.
The European Union's 2025 sanctions measures targeting Russia included restrictions aimed at the oil and gas sector, measures addressing a shadow fleet of hundreds of aging tankers used to evade sanctions, actions against the Russian financial sector, and new limits on the movement of Russian diplomats within the EU.
October 23, 2025
high
temporal
Components of an EU sanctions package designed to reduce revenue streams and diplomatic mobility.
The World Bank, the United Nations, and the European Union estimated in 2025 that rebuilding Gaza would cost about $53 billion.
October 23, 2025
high
temporal
A multi-institution estimate of the financial requirements for large-scale reconstruction in Gaza after major conflict-related destruction.
The European Union has the authority to ban imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from specific countries as part of its trade and sanctions measures.
October 23, 2025
high
policy
Trade blocs such as the EU can use import bans on energy commodities (including LNG) as a sanctions instrument.
Hungary is a member state of both the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
October 17, 2025
high
institutional
Hungary's formal membership in major European and transatlantic institutions.
A 2025 joint estimate by the United Nations, the European Union, and the World Bank estimated that $70 billion would be required to rebuild Gaza.
October 14, 2025
high
temporal
Multi-agency reconstruction cost estimate for Gaza following conflict-related destruction.
As of 2025, Hamas was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, and several other Western countries.
October 07, 2025
high
temporal
International designations of Hamas by major Western governments and organizations.
The European Union planned to mobilize nearly $930 billion in defense expenditures through 2030, an amount characterized as the largest surge of defense spending in the Union's history.
August 17, 2025
high
statistical
Aggregate defense spending commitment covering an EU-wide multiyear period through 2030.
A 28-point peace framework drafted by the United States as a basis for negotiations outlined potential conditions for a ceasefire and long-term settlement between Ukraine and Russia, including security guarantees, territorial control arrangements, post-conflict reconstruction mechanisms, and Ukraine’s long-term relationship with NATO and the European Union.
January 01, 2025
high
descriptive
Describes the typical content elements contained in multi-point peace frameworks proposed for resolving the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
Peace negotiation frameworks commonly evolve through multiple iterations that narrow disputed points as the parties weigh concessions, and issues that implicate external organizations such as the European Union or NATO typically require consultation with those organizations and their member states.
January 01, 2025
high
process
General negotiation practice observed in multilateral conflict settlement efforts.
The Digital Services Act (DSA) came into force in February 2024 and guarantees researchers anywhere in the world access to public data from online platforms for studies of 'systemic risks' to the EU, including negative effects on elections and public health.
February 01, 2024
high
legal
Scope of researcher-access provisions under the DSA.
The European Union's Digital Services Act (DSA) was enacted in 2022.
January 01, 2022
high
legal
Enactment year of the EU regulatory framework that addresses online platform responsibilities.
Russia's share of European Union gas imports was 45% in 2021.
January 01, 2021
high
temporal
Baseline share of EU gas imports attributed to Russian suppliers in 2021.
United States Department of Agriculture data shows China purchased $12.6 billion in U.S. soybeans in 2014, while the European Union purchased $2.45 billion in U.S. soybeans in 2014.
January 01, 2014
high
statistical
Historical U.S. agricultural export values by destination country.
Greenland contains substantial deposits of critical raw minerals sought by the European Union and has significant untapped hydroelectric potential from its rivers and glaciers; developing those mineral resources is capital-intensive.
high
descriptive
Natural-resource and energy development potentials and economic characteristics in Greenland.
Countries and regional groups have taken differing positions on proposals for a global maritime carbon tax, with entities such as Brazil and the European Union supporting such proposals and entities such as the United States and Saudi Arabia opposing them.
high
international_relations
Divergent national and regional interests affect international agreement-building on environmental measures for shipping.
The European Union, the United States, and the Group of Seven (G7) use economic sanctions as a policy tool to pressure states involved in international disputes.
high
descriptive
Use of sanctions in international diplomacy and conflict management
The European Union's Digital Services Act requires online platforms to follow specified rules regarding illegal or harmful content and restrictions on advertising to minors.
high
temporal
Description of regulatory obligations placed on online platforms by the EU's Digital Services Act.
The European Union's Digital Markets Act is designed to promote online competition among platforms.
high
temporal
Purpose and policy goal of the EU's Digital Markets Act.
Technology companies can be subject to substantial financial penalties for violating the European Union's Digital Services Act or Digital Markets Act.
high
temporal
Enforcement mechanism for compliance with EU digital platform laws.
G20 membership includes the United States, China, Russia, India, Japan, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the European Union.
high
descriptive
List of major members commonly cited as part of the G20.
Peace settlement proposals affecting a country are more likely to be considered viable when they include the affected country's government and relevant regional partners or allies.
high
principle
A generalizable principle about stakeholder inclusion and the legitimacy of international agreements.
The G20 comprises 21 members: 19 nation members plus the European Union and the African Union.
high
structural
Organizational composition of the G20 grouping.
European Union institutions and many European governments provide financial assistance to Ukraine and maintain sanctions on Russia in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine.
high
policy
Ongoing European policy measures relating to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.