Methodology

A 2025 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimate of the economic effects of a federal funding lapse was based on assumptions that furloughed federal employees would be paid retroactively when the shutdown ends, that spending on goods and services forgone during the shutdown would be made up after funding resumes, that active-duty military and certain law enforcement personnel would continue to be paid during the shutdown, and that missed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits would be paid retroactively.

A 2025 analysis published in The Lancet noted that most of the underlying data came from randomized controlled trials lasting about eight weeks and that prominent side effects such as sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal issues, and emotional blunting were not evaluated in the analysis.

The 2025 Pew Research Center National Survey of Latinos was a nationally representative bilingual survey of 4,923 U.S. Latino adults conducted Oct. 6-16, 2025.

A 2025 OpenAI internal report established a five-part framework to identify and score political bias in large language models, using the axes: user invalidation, user escalation, personal political expression, asymmetric coverage, and political refusals.

A 2025 OpenAI internal report used a dataset of approximately 500 questions spanning 100 political and cultural topics, with each question written from five ideological perspectives: conservative-charged, conservative-neutral, neutral, liberal-neutral, and liberal-charged.

A 2025 OpenAI internal report evaluated model responses by scoring each response on a scale from 0 (neutral) to 1 (highly biased) using an automated AI model to act as a grader.

The 2025 Visa Business and Economic Insights holiday spending outlook uses U.S. Department of Commerce retail sales data that excludes automobiles, gas stations, and restaurants for its holiday spending projections.