The 2025 study reported that among patients with immunologically "cold" tumors, adding an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine within about 100 days of starting immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy was associated with a nearly five-fold increase in three-year overall survival.
October 19, 2025
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temporal
Subset analysis within the same observational clinical dataset focused on tumors characterized as immunologically cold (typically resistant to immunotherapy).
The 2025 study found that seasonal non-mRNA vaccines for influenza and pneumonia did not show the same tumor responsiveness or survival-associated effects as the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine when administered near the start of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
October 19, 2025
high
temporal
Comparative observation within the clinical dataset contrasting mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effects with non-mRNA influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.
In 2025 preclinical mouse models reported alongside the clinical analysis, mice receiving a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs and an mRNA vaccine targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein showed increased tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy compared with immunotherapy alone.
October 19, 2025
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temporal
Preclinical experiments using mouse tumor models testing combined administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors and an mRNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
A 2025 study by researchers at the University of Osaka reported a protocol combining signaling molecules and other compounds that increases Foxp3 expression in induced regulatory T cells (iTregs), induces epigenetic modifications associated with Treg identity, and produced iTregs that maintained Foxp3 expression and provided immune-suppressive effects in mouse models for at least six weeks.
October 06, 2025
high
study
Core experimental findings on a method to stabilize iTregs reported in 2025