In 2025 preclinical mouse models reported alongside the clinical analysis, mice receiving a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs and an mRNA vaccine targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein showed increased tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy compared with immunotherapy alone.
October 19, 2025
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Preclinical experiments using mouse tumor models testing combined administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors and an mRNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.