More frequent or longer past use of certain medications is associated with stronger disturbances to the gut microbiome, suggesting that medication effects on gut bacteria can accumulate over time.
high
statistical
Dose and duration relationships have been observed between medication exposure and magnitude of microbiome alteration.
Lifestyle and conservative management for knee osteoarthritis commonly include weight loss, physiotherapy, and medications, which can be considered alongside other treatments and may enhance symptom improvement.
high
management
Non-surgical, non-pharmacologic approaches that are part of standard osteoarthritis care.