pharmacology

A 2025 clinical trial of ALZ-801 (valiltramiprosate) involving more than 300 adults age 50 or older who were genetically predisposed to Alzheimer's found that a subgroup of 125 participants with mild cognitive impairment at baseline showed a 52% slower rate of cognitive decline on one measured outcome compared with placebo.

ALZ-801 is an oral medication administered twice daily that is designed to inhibit aggregation of beta-amyloid proteins to prevent formation of amyloid plaques, whereas monoclonal-antibody Alzheimer's therapies are administered intravenously, act primarily by promoting breakdown of existing amyloid plaques, and are associated with risks of brain swelling or bleeding.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is approximately 50 times more potent than heroin and is generally easier and cheaper to produce than many traditional opioids.

A 2025 16-week double-blind trial by Rutgers University found that adults taking 2,000 mg/day metformin while exercising had smaller improvements in vascular insulin sensitivity and aerobic fitness than adults who exercised without metformin.

Neurokinin-3 receptors participate in regulation of body temperature and sleep, and pharmacologic blockade of these receptors can reduce the frequency and intensity of menopausal hot flashes and related nighttime symptoms.

Tylenol contains acetaminophen as its active ingredient.

Melatonin supplements are widely available for over-the-counter purchase in the United States, while melatonin is available only by prescription in some other countries.