National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOAA's Climate Prediction Center's 2025-2026 winter outlook projected warmer-than-average temperatures for much of the contiguous United States for December 2025 through February 2026, with the southern United States forecast to be drier and warmer than normal and many northern areas forecast to be cooler and wetter.

Operational space weather forecasting cannot reliably predict solar storms months in advance and typically issues alerts to relevant parties in the days before solar outbursts are expected to reach Earth; the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a Space Weather Prediction Center that provides aurora and space weather forecasts.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Weather Prediction Center (WPC) classifies excessive rainfall risk on a four-level scale in which level two is labeled 'slight'.

A study analyzing the 2023 Florida reef heat wave (co-authored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the University of South Florida, and nonprofit organizations) estimated that between 97.8% and 100% of staghorn and elkhorn corals in the affected area died, leading researchers to characterize those species as functionally extinct in the Caribbean region.

A hurricane's strength is measured by its maximum sustained wind speed and by its central (sea level) pressure measured in millibars; hurricanes typically become stronger as their central pressure decreases, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses a geomagnetic storm scale with categories G1 through G5; G4 is classified as "severe" and G5 is classified as "extreme".