Major flight disruptions can produce cascading economic effects across sectors such as tourism, manufacturing, cargo transport, and municipal revenues (for example, hotel and city taxes).
November 08, 2025
medium
causal
Broader economic linkages mean transport disruptions affect related industries and local government revenues.
Life-cycle analyses of vehicle climate and air-quality impacts typically account for manufacturing, upstream fuel production (including mining and refining), and vehicle operation to estimate total emissions and associated damages.
high
general
Comprehensive vehicle impact assessments include both direct emissions and upstream processes.