Countries can use export controls or withholding of critical materials as leverage in trade disputes, affecting global supply chains for those materials.
October 31, 2025
high
general
Export restrictions on strategically important inputs can be employed as a policy tool during trade negotiations.
Governments deploy tariffs and export controls as policy tools to influence trade relations and protect national security by restricting exports or raising import costs for critical materials.
high
general
Tariffs and export controls are commonly used levers in international trade disputes and strategic supply-chain decisions.
Governments may use tariffs, sanctions, and export controls as policy tools to restrict another country's access to markets or technology.
high
temporal
Describes common economic and national-security tools available to states in bilateral trade disputes.
Export-control policies can require foreign companies to obtain government approval to export products that contain trace amounts of domestically-originated materials or that were produced using domestic technology.
high
policy
Describes a mechanism of trade/export regulation relevant to controlling supply chains for sensitive materials.
Tariffs and export controls are common policy tools used by countries to influence trade relationships and to apply economic pressure during trade disputes.
high
general
Governments employ tariffs and export restrictions to protect domestic industries or to gain leverage in negotiations.
Tariffs, sanctions, and export controls are commonly used by governments as retaliatory measures in trade disputes.
high
general
Trade disputes frequently involve a mix of tariffs, targeted sanctions, and limits on exports of strategic goods or technologies.