Earth

A geomagnetic storm occurs when charged particles from the Sun's atmosphere interact with Earth's magnetic field.

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is an eruption of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun's outer atmosphere that can expand as it travels through space and trigger geomagnetic storms upon reaching Earth.

Aurora displays, known as the northern and southern lights, occur when charged particles from the Sun collide with and excite atoms in Earth's atmosphere, and these displays are most commonly visible at high latitudes near the poles.

When fast-moving solar particles and plasma from solar storms interact with Earth's magnetic field, they can temporarily disrupt technology on Earth and in orbit, including power grids, satellites, radio communications, GPS navigation, and air-traffic-control radio links.

King tides occur when the Moon is closer than usual to the Earth and produce unusually high tide levels.

Earth's magnetic field deflects and helps protect the planet from cosmic radiation and particles charged by the sun, and the field is generated by electrical currents in the molten iron of Earth's outer core.

The Earth's average surface temperature in 2024 was the highest on record since global temperature records began in 1880, and the ten-year period ending in 2024 comprised years that ranked among the warmest on record.

The aurora borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky caused by charged particles from the Sun interacting with Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, and it is most commonly seen at high latitudes.

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are eruptions from the Sun that send streams of charged particles toward Earth and can drive geomagnetic storms and enhanced auroral activity.

Mars mission launch windows typically recur about every two years when Earth and Mars reach orbital positions favorable for direct interplanetary transfers using current chemical rockets.