U.S. Health Costs

NPR reports that federal hospital price-transparency rules rolled out in 2021—and tightened under both the Biden and Trump administrations—have produced limited, often confusing data that is being used mainly by insurers and health systems, not by patients shopping for care. Early studies found only about a third of hospitals were compliant in the first 10 months, and CMS has formally moved to fine just 27 hospitals between June 2022 and May 2025, prompting additional Trump-era executive orders and regulations to raise penalties and standardize data. While Republican policymakers have sold transparency as a way to turn patients into price shoppers, researchers like Yale’s Zack Cooper say there is no evidence consumers are using these files and show that patients routinely pass multiple cheaper MRI providers to follow their doctors’ referrals. Instead, insurer executives acknowledge using competitor price files to press hospitals in negotiations, potentially changing who gets paid what but not necessarily lowering bills for consumers. Health-policy experts cited in the story say that, so far, transparency alone has not delivered the price discipline politicians promised and may even nudge some listed prices higher in certain markets.