Oklahoma and Tulsa Race Massacre

Viola Ford Fletcher, one of the last survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, died at 111 in a Tulsa hospital surrounded by family, her grandson Ike Howard said. Aged 7 during the massacre, Fletcher later worked as a World War II shipyard welder, raised three children and worked as a housekeeper, recounted vivid scenes in her 2023 memoir — including piles of bodies and fleeing in a horse‑drawn buggy — and was among survivors whose reparations lawsuit was dismissed in June 2024 after a January 2024 Justice Department review under the Emmett Till Act found no current criminal avenue.