history of science

In the mid-18th century, the concept of 'race' in natural history emerged through the integration of a genealogical style of reasoning into a field that had previously been dominated by a logical and classificatory style of reasoning.

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, and authors associated with the monogenist tradition played a decisive role in integrating genealogical reasoning into natural history and thereby facilitating the development of the concept of 'race'.

Several early natural historians who defined human 'races', including Buffon, De Pauw, Camper, Blumenbach, and Immanuel Kant, were monogenists who posited the unity of the human species and a common origin for different human types.

By 1980, it was widely accepted within the scientific and medical community that all forms of asbestos are dangerous and can cause cancer.

In 1972, geneticist Richard Lewontin published a study analyzing protein-type variation across human populations and reported that about 85% of genetic variation occurred within populations and 'races' and about 15% of variation occurred between them.

Gamma-ray bursts were first detected in the 1960s by U.S. spy satellites that were monitoring for clandestine nuclear weapons tests.

James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA.

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of DNA's double-helix structure.

In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick, drawing on data from Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, described deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a double helix composed of two strands that coil around each other, resembling a twisting ladder.

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double-helix structure of DNA based on experimental data from Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and colleagues at King's College London.

In 1942, anthropologist Ashley Montagu published the book 'Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,' arguing that race is a social construct without a genetic basis.