Toll records are historical telecommunications routing records that identify incoming and outgoing phone numbers, the time of calls, and call durations, and do not include the content of those calls.
November 12, 2025
high
telecommunications
Distinguishes the informational scope of telephony billing/metadata records from content-based surveillance.
Affirmative defenses in criminal trials encounter evidentiary and procedural challenges, particularly when the alleged events occurred in remote locations with no witnesses.
high
legal
Lack of eyewitnesses and physical evidence can make proving an affirmative defense more difficult for defendants.