Reduction in Arctic sea ice increases open-water area, which allows storm-driven waves to reach coastlines and cause greater coastal damage.
November 22, 2025
high
process
Physical mechanism linking sea-ice decline to increased coastal impacts from storms.
Thawing permafrost accelerates coastal erosion because frozen ground that previously resisted wave action becomes loose soil that is more easily washed away.
November 22, 2025
high
process
Explanation of how permafrost thaw increases susceptibility of coastlines to erosion.