Adult brown bears in Hokkaido can exceed 1,100 pounds and are capable of outrunning humans, while Asian black bears are smaller climbers typically reaching around 440 pounds at most, according to the International Association for Bear Research and Management.
October 31, 2025
high
biological
Relative size and behavior of Japan's bear species.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule naturally present in cells that contains genetic instructions for cells to produce proteins.
October 22, 2025
high
definition
Basic molecular biology definition of mRNA.
A 2025 report by the North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium estimated the North Atlantic right whale population at 384 individuals.
October 21, 2025
high
temporal
Annual population estimate produced by a scientific consortium monitoring the species.
North Atlantic right whales are vulnerable to collisions with ships and to entanglement in fishing gear.
October 21, 2025
high
descriptive
Primary anthropogenic threats to the species identified by researchers and managers.
North Atlantic right whales undertake annual migrations between calving grounds off Florida and Georgia and feeding grounds off New England and Canada.
October 21, 2025
high
descriptive
Typical migratory pattern described for the species.
The Asian giant hornet, often nicknamed the "murder hornet", was confirmed to be present in the United States in 2019 after two verified reports in Washington state.
January 01, 2019
high
temporal
The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is an aggressive hornet species that attracted attention as an invasive species when detected outside its native range.
Programmed cell death is a regulated cellular process that determines when cells end their lives and is essential for health; dysregulation of programmed cell death is implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (excessive neuronal death) and cancer (insufficient death of tumor cells).
high
concept
General definition of programmed cell death and its relevance to disease.
The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a primate species commonly used in biomedical research.
high
biological
Species commonly employed in laboratory and biomedical studies.
Menopause is the biological stage when the ovaries stop producing estrogen, and it typically occurs in a woman's late 40s.
high
definition
General description of the menopausal transition
Neurokinin-3 receptors participate in regulation of body temperature and sleep, and pharmacologic blockade of these receptors can reduce the frequency and intensity of menopausal hot flashes and related nighttime symptoms.
high
mechanism
Biological mechanism targeted by certain nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the body that helps regulate sleep; melatonin levels typically increase during hours of darkness and decrease with exposure to daylight.
high
definition
Basic physiological role of melatonin in sleep-wake regulation.