Large-scale immigration enforcement operations can produce chilling effects in immigrant communities, including reduced school attendance and temporary closure of small shops and restaurants.
November 19, 2025
high
social_effect
Observed community impacts associated with intensive immigration enforcement activity.
During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020â2021), emergency outdoor dining programs that added seating helped some restaurants remain in business by providing additional revenue-generating capacity.
December 31, 2020
high
temporal
Characterizes the role of outdoor dining programs as a survival mechanism for some restaurants during pandemic-related restrictions.