municipal governments

Making public buses free to ride is a municipal policy option that some city governments have proposed.

Operating city-run grocery stores is a municipal policy option that some city governments have proposed to increase local access to affordable food.

Municipal firearm regulations can be invalidated if they conflict with state preemption laws or if they are found to burden conduct protected by the U.S. Constitution's Second Amendment.

Sanctuary policies are municipal or local-government policies that restrict or prohibit local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, including measures that bar federal agents from using city-owned property or local law enforcement resources for immigration operations.

Municipal executive orders can attempt to prohibit federal immigration agents from using city-owned property for immigration enforcement operations, and such municipal actions can be subject to legal challenge.

Municipal governments can adopt policies or executive orders that bar federal immigration agents from using city-owned property; such policies are often described as 'ICE-free zones'.

Sanctuary city ordinances can require the creation of policies, training programs, and resources to guide how municipal staff handle interactions with immigration agents and can establish frameworks for tracking, responding to, and resisting federal immigration enforcement actions.

Municipal policy proposals can include free child care, fare-free city bus service, municipally operated grocery stores, and the creation of a community safety department that dispatches mental health care workers to certain emergency calls instead of police officers.

Municipal budgets can be materially affected by reductions or losses in federal funding.